W4 - HISTORY AND TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in W4 - HISTORY AND TYPES OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING Deck (20)
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1
Q

W4-1: EARLY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

A

focused on LANGUAGE STRUCTURE and invented many of the key elements we see today including variables, sorting, constants, procedures, functions, comments

2
Q

W4-2: (a) PLATFORM

(b) LOW-LEVEL
(c) HIGH-LEVEL

A

(a) PLATFORM = OS + hardware

(b) LOW-LEVEL: run on the HARDWARE, the “bare metal”
_ OS and DEVICE DRIVERS programmed for the specific hardware
=> EX: Assembler, C, C++ run on x86 architecture

(c) HIGH-LEVEL: use the services of LOW-LEVEL CODE allowing programming to be independent of underlying hardware
_ EX: USER-FACING applications which run on the OS
1/ C++ for high performance GAMES
2/ Python for general purpose

3
Q

W4-3: How many types of PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES?

A

=> 3
(a) COMPILED Languages

(b) HYBRID Languages

(c) INTERPRETED/Scripting Languages
1/ COMMAND Language Interpreter (CLI)
2/ DATA-ORIENTED Languages (like SQL)
3/ EMBEDDABLE Languages

4
Q

W4-4: COMPILED Languages

A

TRANSLATORS generate MACHINE code from SOURCE code before a program can be run

EX: C, C++, and Objective-C are compiled.
_ Fast but less flexible than INTERPRETED languages.
_ Variables statically typed: data types declared by programmer

5
Q

W4-5: HYBRID Languages

A

first compiled into platform-NEUTRAL BYTECODE and then interpreted by a VIRTUAL machine on LOCAL platform

EX: Java, C#, and Python

6
Q

W4-6: INTERPRETED/Scripting Languages

A
LINE-BY-LINE executors of source code
   _ NOT compiled
   _ Little pre-runtime translation 
   _ Slower but flexible and reactive. 
   _ Variables dynamically typed at run time
7
Q

W4-7: COMMAND Language Interpreter (CLI) (or a SHELL that runs SCRIPTS)

A

EX: MS-PowerShell and *nix Bash

8
Q

W4-8: DATA-ORIENTED Languages (like SQL)

A

designed for management of data in RELATIONAL databases
_ SQL with its stored procedures is NOT a general purpose programming language;
_ SQL is RDBMS specific

9
Q

W4-9: EMBEDDABLE Languages

A

are designed to be EMBEDDED within other TEXT or CONTENT, such as a WEB PAGE
_ Web SERVERS process SCRIPT commands (PHP) embedded in a dynamic HTML file before generated HTML is sent to CLIENT (browser).
_ On the browser, JavaScript runs from INSIDE the HTML.

10
Q

W4-10: “Languages” which are NOT programming languages

A

(a) HTML: HyperText Markup Language for the Web
(b) CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
(c) XML: eXtensible Markup Language

11
Q

W4-11: HTML: HyperText Markup Language for the Web

A

<p>Paragraph<b>text</b></p>

browser formats/renders

12
Q

W4-12: CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

A

separate PRESENTATION style and APPEARANCE from CONTENT

font, size, colours for a DOM object e.g. a paragraph

13
Q

W4-13: XML: eXtensible Markup Language

A

DOCUMENT and DATA encoding markup language

EX: for DATA structures used in WEB services

14
Q

W4-14: ComputerHARDWARE

A

is what you can physically TOUCH

_ Hardware DEVICES are PHYSICAL parts of a computer system

15
Q

W4-15: HARDWARE devices: PERIPHERAL devices

A

_ Some hardware devices are residing INSIDE the computer CASE like Motherboard and NIC

_ But some, are called PERIPHERAL Devices which connect to acomputersystem and add some functionality to it (like Mouse and Keyboard.)

16
Q
#W4-16: HARDWARE devices: 
(a) PROCESSING devices, 

(b) INPUT devices,
(c) OUTPUT devices
(d) INPUT and OUTPUT at the same time

A

(a) Some hardware devices are PROCESSING hardware devices like CPU, ALU, and GPU
(b) Some, are INPUT devices like Keyboard, Mic, Mouse, Digital Pen, and Scanner.
(c) Some are OUTPUT devices like Monitor, Printer, Speaker, and Plotter.
(d) And some could be considered INPUT and OUTPUT at the SAME time like HDD, CD/DVD Drive, Touch Screen, RAM, USB, Memory Card, HDMI, and VGA Connector.

17
Q

W4-17: Computer PROGRAMMING

A

a PROCESS that leads from an ORIGINAL formulation of a PROBLEM to executablecomputerPROGRAMS

18
Q

W4-18: ALGORITHM

A

a self-contained step-by-step set of OPERATIONS that solve a problem.

19
Q

W4-19: CODE

A

a set of INSTRUCTIONS programmed into a computer to perform an ALGORITHM

20
Q

W4-20: Computer PROGRAM

A

_ sets of CODE that tell acomputerwhat to do

_ written in one or more PROGRAMMING Languages

_ contained as a SOURCE CODE in a text file

_ compiled into MACHINE CODE, and executed by CPU