W4 - Nutrition - Pregnancy, Baby, Early Age & Children

Question 1

How does a zygote nourish itself?

Answer 1

By absorbing secretions from glands in the uterus + digesting some of the uterine lining.

Question 2

What happens as a zygote develops into an embryo?

Answer 2

Placenta begins to form inside the mother’s uterus.

Placenta then takes over the role of delivering nourishment.

Question 3

What can the placenta synthesise?

Answer 3

FAs

Cholesterol

Glycogen

Question 4

What does the placenta’s size + ability to support optimal fetal growth depend on?

Answer 4

Mother’s nutritional status

Question 5

What condition is the placenta normally in for poorly nourished women?

Answer 5

Smaller

W/ fewer bv

Smaller cells

Question 6

What does it mean if the placenta is smaller than normal?

Answer 6

The area of contact between mother + fetus is reduced which ⬇️ placentas capacity to deliver nutrients + remove wastes.

Question 7

Why does a pregnant woman need more energy?

Answer 7

Support growth of her own tissues as well as those of the fetus.

Also to fuel the extra metabolic workload pregnancy puts on a woman’s heart, lungs + other organs.

Question 8

What energy increases are recommended for pregnant women?

Answer 8

3rd trimester = daily ⬆️ of ~200 kcal/day

= May be more if the woman is quite physically active.

Question 9

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy?

Answer 9

10-12kg

Question 10

What are the risks to infants being born small?

Answer 10

Higher risk of developing heart disease, high blood cholesterol levels + high bp

Question 11

What is the primary regulator of energy use in the body?

Answer 11

Thyroid hormone

Question 12

What do pregnant women need to do to ensure adequate production of the thyroid hormone to regulate energy use during pregnancy?

Answer 12

To consume sufficient amounts of iodine.

• Can be met using iodised salt.

Question 13

What are the protein intake recommendations for pregnant women?

Answer 13

More than 50% above those for non pregnant women.

Vegan/Veg mothers may have to ⬆️ further due to the red. bioavailability of plant protein comp to animal protein.

Question 14

Why are essential FAs req in pregnancy for the fetus?

Answer 14

For normal fetal growth + development, esp for the brain + eyes.

Question 15

What can sufficient intakes of omega-3 FA do for a pregnant woman?

Answer 15

May improve gestation duration + infant birth weight, length + head circumference.

Question 16

What are folate + Vitamin B-12 critical for during pregnancy?

Answer 16

For the synthesis of DNA + fetal + maternal cells.

RBC formation (req. folate) ⬆️ during pregnancy.

Question 17

What happens during pregnancy when folate intake is insufficient?

Answer 17

Fewer RBCs are synthesised

= Folate-related anaemia.

Insufficient folate intake may also cause premature birth, LBW + spontaneous abortion.

Question 18

Which pregnant women are more likely to need a Vitamin B12 supplement?

Answer 18

Vegan women

Question 19

Why do iron needs rise significantly during pregnancy?

Answer 19

Due to ⬆️ no. of maternal RBC + accumulating fetal iron stores.

Iron stored prior to pregnancy can supply some of the extra iron however most women enter pregnancy w/ poor iron stores.

Question 20

What happens to maternal absorption of iron when woman becomes pregnant?

Answer 20

⬆️ up to 3 times + mineral is conserved due to menstruation stopping during pregnancy.

But still the need can be difficult to meet.

Question 21

What might pregnant women need to also do if they take an iron supplement?

Answer 21

May also need to take zinc + copper supplements due to iron interfering with their absorption + utilisation

Question 22

Potential negative effects to pregnant woman taking iron supplements

Answer 22

⬇️ appetite

Nausea

Constipation

= Taking iron between meals or before going to bed can ⬇️ these problems.

Question 23

What can help boost iron absorption?

Answer 23

Eating foods rich in vitamin C

Question 24

What can pregnant women in an iron deficiency aneamia state also experience?

Answer 24

Preeclampsia

Labour + delivery complications

⬆️ risk of death

Question 25

Explain the normal change occurring during pregnancy called the anaemia of pregnancy

Answer 25

When pregnant: No. of maternal RBC ⬆️ 20-30% Plasma expands 50%. == Creating a lower RBC:Total blood vol == Hemodilution (NO danger to health of mother or fetus)

Question 26

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus

Answer 26

Lots of Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium + Fluoride.

Question 27

How much calcium does a full-term fetus store?

Answer 27

~30,000 mg

Question 28

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus Calcium in particular is one of these but why doesn't the recommended intake to the mother rise during pregnancy?

Answer 28

Because in early pregnancy the mothers body adjusts to absorb Ca2+ in a much more efficient way: - Ca2+ is stockpiled in mothers bones (ready for late pregnancy + lactation).

Question 29

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus What may insufficient vitamin D intake by the mother cause to her and the fetus?

Answer 29

Mother - Osteomalacia Fetus - Rickets, LBW, lack of enamel on teeth.

Question 30

Which type of pregnant women are at risk of consuming insufficient Calcium?

Answer 30

Vegans Pregnant Teens Those at risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension Those who don't consume dairy products

Question 31

What should pregnant women do whose intake of Vitamin D is insufficient?

Answer 31

They should choose foods fortified w/ calcium + vitamin D

Question 32

Effect of a deficiency in calcium to the fetus

Answer 32

⬇️ bone density

Question 33

Effect of a deficiency in iron to the fetus

Answer 33

LBW Premature birth ⬆️ Risk of fetal or infant death

Question 34

Effect of a deficiency in iodine to the fetus

Answer 34

Cretinism (mental + physical growth retardation)

Question 35

Effect of a deficiency in zinc to the fetus

Answer 35

NS malformation Growth Retardation Birth defects affecting brain + bones

Question 36

What are the prenatal development stages?

Answer 36

Conception Zygotic Embryonic Fetal

Question 37

Maternal factors influencing immune system in early life

Answer 37

Gut microbiota Vaginal infection Periodontitis

Question 38

Postnatal factors influencing immune system in early life

Answer 38

Antibiotics Breast feeding Host genetics Env

Question 39

Effect of a deficiency in vitamin A to the fetus

Answer 39

Premature birth Eye abnormalities + impaired vision

Question 40

Effect of a deficiency in folate to the fetus

Answer 40

Spontaneous abortion Fluid accumulation in skull --> brain damage Neural tube defects - if tube doesn't fully close = cond. called Spina Bifida in which baby will be born w/ an exposed spinal cord Premature birth

Question 41

Effect of a deficiency in calories to the fetus

Answer 41

Growth retardation LBW

Question 42

Effect of a deficiency in protein to the fetus

Answer 42

⬇️ head circumference

Question 43

Effect of a deficiency in Vitamin C to the fetus

Answer 43

Premature birth

Question 44

Effect of an excess in calories to the fetus

Answer 44

High birth weight

Question 45

Effect of an excess in calories to the mother

Answer 45

Labour + delivery complications

Question 46

Effect of an excess in protein to the fetus

Answer 46

If coupled w/ low CHO intake it lowers glucose available to the fetus.

Question 47

Effect of an excess in Vitamin c to the fetus

Answer 47

Sudden drop after brith can cause a deficiency

Question 48

Effect of an excess in vitamin A to the fetus

Answer 48

NS + CV system birth defects Facial deformation

Question 49

Effect of an excess in vitamin D to the fetus

Answer 49

Calcification of soft tissues Mental + growth retardation

Question 50

Effect of an excess in iodine to the fetus

Answer 50

Thyroid disorder

Question 51

How does gestational diabetes come about?

Answer 51

Hormones synthesised by the placenta ⬇️ the efficiency of insulin + lead to a small ⬆️ in blood glucose. An excessive rise can lead to the gestational diabetes.

Question 52

Foodborne Pathogens & pregnancy

Answer 52

Risk of foodborns illness - Listeriosis, ⬆️ during pregnancy = preg women should avoid raw veg, raw or undercooked meat + fish + unpasteurised milk.

Question 53

What can listeriosis do to pregnant women?

Answer 53

Cause spontaneous abortion Premature delivery Infections in the newborn

Question 54

Growing of the baby is going to rearrange the mothers GI tract, what can this cause?

Answer 54

Nausea Gastric burn Constipation

Question 55

How does constipation come about in pregnant women?

Answer 55

Hormones relax intestinal muscles = slows digestion = ⬆️ nutrient absorption. Slowing of digestion also causes more H20 than normal to be reabsorbed = hard + dry stools. Also, iron supplements may cause these types of stools.

Question 56

How can Edema come about in pregnant women?

Answer 56

Placental hormones cause body tissues to retain fluid during pregnancy. Bvol also ⬆️ during pregnant. = Extra fluid normally causes some swelling (Edema). + Enlarging uterus compresses bv in legs which slows down blood circulation + removal of waste products (incl H20). = Edema in lower legs.

Question 57

When might Edema be a cause of concern in the lower legs for pregnant women?

Answer 57

When accompanied by: - High bp - Protein in urine - Failure of edema to subside when she elevates her feet

Question 58

List some key nutrients that pregnant women really require

Answer 58

Protein Omega-3 FA Folic acid Zinc B12 Iron

Question 59

Benefits of breastfeeding to the MOTHER

Answer 59

Can help return to original weight - uses ~500kcal/day + due to the loss of pregnancy-associated adipose tissue Form of anti-conceptive ⬇️ risk of developing arthritis, CVD, breast + ovarian cancer Free Fosters psychological mother-infant bonding Easier to reg food intake for the baby

Question 60

Name the principal hormone promoting milk production

Answer 60

Prolactin

Question 61

What is the manufacture + secretion of prolactin stimulates by?

Answer 61

Birth of baby Suckling by baby

Question 62

How does suckling from the baby stimulate secretion of prolactin?

Answer 62

Baby suckles on breast --> nerve signals stimulate pituitary gland in brain to release the prolactin. Prolactin travels in blood to milk-prod glands in breast = stimulating them to synthesise milk.

Question 63

What is the let-down reflex?

Answer 63

Reflex stimulated by infant sucking to cause release of milk from milk ducts in mothers breast.

Question 64

How can the let-down reflex be inhibited?

Answer 64

Nervous tension Lack of confidence Fatigue

Question 65

Consideration for breastfeeding women

Answer 65

Not always a straight forward process Can be difficult + sleep loss Not possible if mother has to work or has low milk prod Those w/ postpartum depression may not be inclined to breastfeed Cultural barriers/beliefs

Question 66

Why is it very important that a breastfeeding mother stays optimally hydrated?

Answer 66

H20 is main component of human milk Inadequate H20 intake can alter her milk composition, ⬇️ vol of milk produced + lead to maternal dehydration.

Question 67

How much should a breastfeeding mother increase her calorie intake for the 0-6 month period?

Answer 67

~350kcal/day

Question 68

Food choices during lactation

Answer 68

They should consume sufficient amounts of Omega-3 FAs as they're secreted into breast milk + important in the development of the infants NS.