W5 - Nutrition - Adolescents & Older Adult

Question 1

List some body changes that happen during adolescence

Answer 1

Rapid growth

⬆️ metabolic rate

Skin acne

Menstruation

== Can ⬆️ risk of deficiencies

Question 2

Growth spur in Females

Answer 2

11-15yrs

~8.3kg/year

16-27% ⬆️ body fat

Question 3

Growth spur in Males

Answer 3

13-16yrs

~23.7kg

12% ⬇️ body fat

Question 4

Why are female adolescents at risk from iron deficiency

Answer 4

Due to losses through menstruation

Question 5

Why are male adolescents at risk from iron deficiency

Answer 5

⬆️ demand to grow lean body mass

Question 6

How can an adolescent increase their iron intake?

Answer 6

⬆️ intake of lean red meat, liver, poultry + fish = haem iron

Beans, veg + iron-fortified cereals = non-haem iron

Question 7

Besides iron, which other nutrients are important for adolescents

Answer 7

Calcium + phosphorus

Question 8

Why is calcium + phosphorus especially important during adolescence

Answer 8

~45% of adult skeleton is being formed

Calcium for this growth must be derived from diet.

Question 9

What happens to Vitamin D needs as you age?

Answer 9

Needs increase

Question 10

What is adulthood characterised by?

Answer 10

Body maintenance

Gradual physical + physiological transitions.

Question 11

Factors Affecting Rate of Ageing

Answer 11

Heredity

Lifestyle

Env

Question 12

Calories (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 12

Decline in basal metabolism means lower req of calories as adult age ⬆️.

Question 13

Protein (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 13

Must be careful w/ amount of intake as we age due to proteins waste products needing to be removed by the kidneys.

= Excessive protein intake may accelerate kidney function decline.

Question 14

Fat (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 14

Good idea to ⬇️ total fat intake due to ⬆️ risk of obesity, heart diseases + certain cancers.

Question 15

CHO (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 15

Recommended to shift CHO composition to emphasise complex CHO more than simple.

Question 16

What does a diet richer in complex CHO make it easier for?

Answer 16

To meet nutrient needs + remain w/in calorie bounds.

Also easier for body to control blood glucose levels - a function that becomes less efficient as body fatness + inactivity ⬆️ w/ age.

Question 17

Fibre (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 17

Diet rich in fibre helps adults ⬇️ risk of colon cancer, heart disease.

Also lowers their blood cholesterol + avoid constipation.

Question 18

What can LOW fluid intakes in older adults be caused by?

Answer 18

Fading sensitivity to thirst sensations

Chronic diseases

Conscious reductions in fluid intake to ⬇️ freq of urination.

Question 19

Why might elderly especially have an incr fluid output?

Answer 19

Due to medication

i.e diuretics + laxatives

Question 20

What can dehydration cause in elderly

Answer 20

Disorientation

Mental confusion

Constipation

Impacted fecal matter

Death

Question 21

Give an example of how iron deficiency can be caused in the elderly

Answer 21

Use of medicine i.e aspirin

Question 22

Iron (adulthood –> elderly)

Impaired absorption

Answer 22

Due to age-related declines in stomach acid prod may contribute to their iron deficiency.

Question 23

Zinc (adulthood –> elderly)

Why does absorption decline with age?

Answer 23

Due to ⬇️ in stomach acid prod

Question 24

What may poor zinc status contribute to? (adulthood –> elderly)

Answer 24

Loss of taste

Mental lethargy

Delayed wound healing

Question 25

Magnesium (adulthood --> elderly) What may inadequate intakes contribute to?

Answer 25

Loss of bone strength Muscular weakness Mental confusion

Question 26

Potassium (adulthood --> elderly) What are adequate intakes needed for?

Answer 26

Maintaining fluid balance Transmitting nerve impulses Muscle contraction

Question 27

(adulthood --> elderly) As we age, stomach slows its production of acid which leads to...

Answer 27

Poor absorption of VB12 + eventually to pernicious anaemia.

Question 28

What does low intake of Vitamin E mean?

Answer 28

Body has a red supply of antioxidants = May ⬆️ degree of cell damage cause by free radicals == Promotes progression of chronic diseases, cataracts + speeds ageing.

Question 29

Body composition changes in the elderly

Answer 29

⬇️ muscle mass (sarcopenia) ⬇️ bone mass ⬆️ body fat %

Question 30

Reduced bone mass in the elderly

Answer 30

Due to endocrine changes. Larger ⬇️ in women due to menopause. = Don't prod as much or any oestrogen which can have an impact on bone remodelling so we use the calcium storage in bones = ⬇️ bone mass. === Also why risk of osteoporosis is higher in F than M.

Question 31

Elderly ability to absorb zinc

Answer 31

Ability ⬇️ due to changes in gastric function

Question 32

Why might it become hard for elderly to intake sufficient amounts of protein?

Answer 32

Difficulty chewing it Anabolic resistance - Their ability to extract protein + use for muscle building is impaired.