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304: brain and mind > W5: Head injury > Flashcards

W5: Head injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is Seizure Precautions

A
  • Bed close to floor
  • Bed rails up at night (physician’s order)
  • No baths without assistance
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2
Q

What is Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is sudden damage to the brain caused by a blow (đánh) or jolt (giật) to the head.

Common causes include car or motorcycle crashes, falls, sports injuries, and assaults

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3
Q

what is the leading cause of death in people under the age of 30

A

Head trauma ( chấn thương đầu)

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4
Q

Males have 2-3 x frequency of brain injury than females, What are main reasons?

A

Males have 2-3 x frequency of brain injury than females

Due mainly to MOTOR VEHICLE accidents and ASSAULTS (=physical attack)

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5
Q

how many types of Head Injury?

A 
there are 4 types of head injury
Scalp injury 
Skull Fracture 
Closed Head Injury 
Open HI (penetrating head injury)
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6
Q

what is Scalp injury (in head injury)

A

Scalp injury is Breaking of the skin on the head

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7
Q

what is Skull Fracture? (in head injury)

A

Skull Fracture – Breaking of skull bone (xương sọ)

linear, comminuted, depressed, basilar

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8
Q

what is Closed Head Injury?

A

Closed Head Injury

  • A trauma, brain injury as a result of a blow (=hard hit) to the head
  • A sudden violent motion that causes the brain to impact against the skull (hộp sọ).
  • NO OBJECT penetrates (xâm nhập) the brain
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9
Q

what is Open HI (penetrating head injury) ?

A

Open HI (penetrating head injury)

  • An object penetrates (xuyên vào) the skull and enters the brain,
  • the extent of injury depends on what area of the brain was penetrated.
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10
Q

what is Primary Injury?

A

Primary Injury is the damage that happens at the time of the impact.

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11
Q

what kinds of primary injury are?

A

Three kinds of primary injury:

  • Contusion / Bruise
  • Coup-Contrecoup Injury
  • Diffuse Axonal Injury – DAI
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12
Q

what is Contusion / Bruise (bầm tím) (in primary injury?

A

Contusion / Bruise (bầm tím)
-> Causes swelling (sưng) and/or discoloration at the site where the impact occurred
OR
-> Your brain is not touch your bony skull, if st happen, they hit each other -> damage. (at the area or the areas where the force of the impact)

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13
Q

what is Coup - Contrecoup Injury? (in primary injury)

A
  • damage on both sides:
  • A coup injury occurs on the brain directly under the point of impact.
  • A contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the brain from where the impact occurred.
  • Coup - Contrecoup Injury are a type of traumatic brain injury that results in the bruising of the brain.
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14
Q

what is Diffuse Axonal Injury – DAI? (in primary injury)

A

DAI occurs when the brain moves backward and forward quickly inside the skull as a result of acceleration (tăng tốc) and deceleration (giảm tốc) (car accidents, fall…)

Inside the brain, the long connecting fibers (sợi) in the brain called axons are sheared (bị cắt)

(axons ở phần tiếp giáp giữa grey matter và white matter bị cắt hoặc co kéo –> damage)

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15
Q

signs or symptoms of traumatic brain injury???

A 
Concussion
Post concussion syndrome 
Intracerebral Hemorrhage 
Epidural Hematoma 
Subdural Hematoma
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16
Q

what are symptoms of Concussion?

A

Concussion: chấn động

  • Temporary (tạm thời) loss of neurological function with no apparent structural damage
  • Unconscious (vô thức) for a few seconds to a few minutes
  • Behaviours depend on site affected
  • Kids admitted to hospital for 24 hours
  • Adults go home with instruction sheet
17
Q

what are symptoms of Post concussion syndrome

A 
Headache, 
dizzy (chóng mặt), 
lethargy (hôn mê)
irritability cáu gắt
anxiety (lo âu)
cognitive issues
18
Q

what are symptoms of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

(chảy máu não) bleed into the brain due to trauma

19
Q

what are symptoms of Epidural Hematoma ?

A

Epidural Hematoma (tụ máu ngoài màng cứng)
– bleed ABOVE the dura (màng não)
– rupture of an ARTERY (vỡ động mạch)
– lucid (sáng suốt) then rapid paralysis (tê liệt nhanh), loss of speech, loss of consciousness, coma (hôn mê)

20
Q

what are symptoms of Subdural Hematoma

A

bleed BELOW the dura
– rupture of VEINS (vỡ tĩnh mạch)
– slower rate of paralysis, loss of speech, loss of conciousness

21
Q

Common Causes of Complex Partial in Seizure (động kinh)

A

Common Causes of Complex Partial

Psychological distress, 
Neurological conditions,
Anxiety,
Depression, 
Extreme stress,
Autism (tự kỷ), 
Damage to brain prior to birth, and Other health conditions related to the brain.
22
Q

what is Complex Partial?

A

Complex Partial – Begins in one part of the brain

Common to start in the Temporal Lobe

Staring blankly (nhìn chằm chằm)
Unable to respond
Waking up from sleep abruptly (= suddently)
Lip smacking (chép môi)
Repetitive actions
Enhanced emotions
Behavior in an action such as riding a bicycle
Be unaware of the surroundings
Trying to hurt themselves
Possesses confusion after the end of the complex partial seizure

23
Q

4 Seizure Classifications

A

Complex Partial
Focal Awareness Seizures
Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic – Generalized seizures
Absence seizures

24
Q

what is Focal Awareness Seizures ?

A

Focal Awareness Seizures
– starts in one area of the brain and the person remains alert and able to interact (tỉnh táo)– Some report feeling “Frozen”

Anybody can get them
More likely in people who have had a head injury, brain infection, stroke, or brain tumor (u não).

Used to be called : Partial Seizure

25
Q

what is Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic – Generalized seizures

A

Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic – Generalized seizures:

Involves the whole brain and therefore both sides of the body
Used to be called: Grand mal

26
Q

what is Absence seizures

A 
Absence seizures
-Used to be called: Petit mal seizures
-Short periods of “Blanking out”, 
Staring into space (nhìn chằm chằm) 
Mistaken(nhầm lẫn) for “Day-Dreaming”
27
Q

causes of Seizures

A
  • Genetic (in family)
  • Developmental: Febrile seizure develops into seizure disorder as age
  • Idiopathic: they don’t know why how anything happens
* Acquired:
Low levels of oxygen
Vascular disorder
Fever (in children, temp may not high, but in adult, temperature is too high)
Previous head injury
Brain infection
Dementia
Toxic (renal failure, electrolyte imbalance)
Brain tumour
Drug and Alcohol withdrawal
Allergies
28
Q

Precipitating Factors

A 
Precipitating Factors
Cold, heat
Stress
Medication compliance (tuân thủ thuốc)– stop taking
Poor nutrition
Little sleep
Hyperventilation (Emotional)
Flashing lights – games, computer
Aura – warning sign – occurs just before the seizure - smell, feeling
29
Q

What should I do in Seizure case?

A

Privacy
Ease to floor – protect head
Loosen clothing (nới lỏng)
Push away items that could injure patient
If in bed – remove pillows, put up side rails
No restraining (chế ngự)

KEEP ON SIDE SO TO DRAIN POSSIBLE SECRETIONS
- Time the seizure
- Reorient after seizure – expect them not to remember
(stay with them, don’t leave)

*Be able to report:
Where did movement start – what moved and how? – uncover them to view
Eyes – deviated (lệch) – closed
Sound – yell – grunting, groaning (lẩm vẩm, rên rỉ)
Colour - blue
Mouth – position of tongue, shut tight, foaming (sùi bọt mép)

Autonomic behaviours – lip smacking (chép môi), repeated swallowing, moving hand or fingers
Incontinence of urine or stool
Drowsy – confused
Abnormal if patient does not wake up or has paralysis (liệt) or weakness of limb (chân tay) or another seizurestarts immediately

30
Q

Seizure Precautions

A

Bed close to floor
Bed rails up at night (physician’s order)
No baths without assistance

31
Q

Seizure Medication Side Effects (Tác dụng phụ của thuốc động kinh)

A

Gingival hyperplasia – overgrown gums (lợi phát triển quá mức)
Fetal malformations (Dị tật thai nhi)
Decreases effect of Birth Control Pill
Bone loss
Interactions with other medications
Compliance (tuân thủ)– people do not always take
Expensive
Not filtered well by kidney, liver (geriatric patient)

304: brain and mind (11 decks)

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