W2: Memory and Dementia Flashcards
Left Brain and Right Brain
function????
The left half controls movement on the body’s right side
The right controls movement on the body’s left side
the language area is chiefly (=mainly) on the left
what is Cortex: The White Wrinkled (nhăn) area
-is the highest level of the brain
- has about 20 billion neurons which carry out the highest levels of mental functioning
(layer thuộc grey matter, bao bọc bên ngoài grey matter)
- very deeply wrinkled
what is Cortex function?
* Function of cortex Motor Function (movement) Planning and Organization Touch Sensation Processing Sensory (cảm giác) Information Language Processing Form and store memories.
what are Neurotransmitters?
- Neurotransmitters
- are body’s chemical messengers
- transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles (through synapses)
- Communication between two neurons happens in the synaptic cleft (the small gap between the synapses of neurons)
(synapses: mối nối giữa hai tế bào thần kinh)
what are Neurons destroyed by ?
Neurons are the chief type of cell destroyed by DEMENTIA
notes about “memory”
We all have one (retain and recall)
Our baselines and abilities are different
Our memories are not flawless (=perfect, complete)!
Memory is a significant (=important) part of cognition
How Memory Works?
Three step process….
- Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
- Storage: save information over time by codes
- Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
how many types of memory?
Three Systems”
- Working Memory: hold new information while it’s needed in the short term
- Short Term Memory: Recent information
- Long Term Memory:
some thing fun about memory when you pay attention
20 percent of the things you hear
75 percent of what you see
90 percent of what you do
How do we support attention?
-Interest
-“Pay Attention”
Stress decreases the ability to remember
- BEST associate it to something you “already” know or interested in.
- However, there are other ways to remember: Smell, Taste, Touch and Emotion
what are memory aids ( supports)?
Calendar (monthly) Write things down Follow a routine Organization (keys) Repetition (meaning) Make BIG associations
Memory Changes when aging?
-Forget very familiar things
-Forgetting how to do things you don many time before
Trouble learning new things
Repeating phrases or stories in the same conversation
Trouble making choices or handling money
Difficulty tracking daily events
Dementia
The progressive loss of brain functions which include cognitive (nhận thức) and social functions (a group of illnesses)
—> effect on personal, social, and occupational activities
Dementia is not a normal part of Aging
true
what is Pseudo Dementia?
Pseudo dementia (fake dementia) is a condition in which a person experiences temporary dementia-like symptoms due to:
Endocrine disorders rối loạn nội tiết tố (thyroid #1) Infection nhiễm trùng Electrolyte Imbalance mất cân bằng điện giải Anemia: thiếu máu Blood sugar Other disease/condition Fever Drugs Emotional upset (grief, depression)
Warning Signs: What we notice about dementia?
Some early warning signs include:
Recent memory loss that affects job skills
Problems with common tasks
Problems with language; forgetting simple words
Getting lost in familiar places
Misplacing things and putting things in odd (kỳ quặc) places
Personality changes
Poor or decreased judgment (= logic)
Loss of interest in life
If changes in the brain have not occurred, some dementias can be reversed
Treatable forms of dementia include:
Metabolic problems (trao đổi chất) Endocrine (nội tiết) – heavy metals exposure, low blood sugar Brain injury or tumor (khối u) Alcohol Nutritional deficiencies (thiếu dinh dưỡng) Vitamin B-12 and Folate deficiencies Infections Poisoning
Untreatable Forms of Dementia
Untreatable forms of dementia include Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Vascular dementia Dementia with Lewy bodies Fronto-Temporal dementia Parkinson’s disease Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) Normal pressure hydrocephalus Substance-induced persisting dementias Other causes (AIDS, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, syphilis)
Alzheimer’s Disease (50- 70%)
The most common form of dementia
Not caused by another illness or disease process
Plaques and Tangles (??)
The brain physically shrinks (co lại)
Neurons (nerve cells) are no longer able to communicate
Process can take 2 to 20 years
Average – patient lives with the disease 8 to 12 years
Vascular dementia (20-30%)
Multi-infarct dementia
Caused by small strokes resulting in brain tissue death
Caused by chronic (mãn tính), reduced blood flow to the brain – strokes, “silent strokes” - (TIA’s)
—> These strokes do not necessarily lead to hemiplegia (liệt nửa người) but may instead cause changes in personality or memory
Lewy Body (10- 25%)
One of the most common types of progressive dementia
Caused by protein deposits in the brain
Progressive decline combined with three defining features:
- Severe fluctuations in alertness and attention
- Recurrent visual hallucinations (ảo giác)
- Parkinson-like motor symptoms
Fronto-Temporal (10-15%)
Fronto-temporal dementia
RARE form of dementia (hiếm)
Affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
Marked changes in emotional and social functioning
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Rapid progressive neurological disease (tiến triển nhanh) Affects people and animals (extremely rare) Signs include: Fatigue : mệt Difficulty sleeping and insomnia (mất ngủ) Changes in personality Balance and walking disturbances
