Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATH2220 > W6 > Flashcards

W6 Flashcards

1
Q

how is alcohol made

A

fermenting various sources of sugar using yeast or bacteria (grains, fruits and vegetables). it turns the sugar into alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is wine and cider made from

A

fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are beer and spirits made from

A

cereals such as barley and rye. Spirits also go through distillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is distillation

A

where a proportion of the water is removed, leaving a stronger concentration of alcohol and flavour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a standard drink

A

10g (or 12.5ml) of pure alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is alcoholism

A

dependence on alcohol to function normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is physical dependence

A

withdrawal symptoms after stopping drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is tolerance

A

the need to drink greater amounts of alcohol to get the high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is craving

A

a strong need or urge to drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is loss of control

A

not being able to stop once drinking has begun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is alcohol abuse

A

a pattern of drinking that results in a recurring problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is intoxication

A

dulling or excitement of the senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is alcohol poisoning

A

a dangerously high concentration of alcohol likely to induce coma or respiratory depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is binge drinking

A

drinking heavily on one occasion or continuously over a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is withdrawal

A

symptoms such as nausea, sweating, shakiness and anxiety after stopping drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what would someone drink

A
  • Socialise with friends
  • Have fun or celebrate
  • Relax
  • Social awkwardness
  • Forget worries or problems • Experiment
  • Relieve boredom
  • Because I like the taste
  • It’s an important part of my culture
  • Peer pressure
  • Decreases your risk of atherosclerosis (controversial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why wouldn’t you drink

A
  • I do not like the taste
  • I do not like the feeling
  • My parents tell me not to
  • I have had a bad experience
  • It is against my religion
  • I socialize with people who do not drink
  • I do not have the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

true or false, alcohol changes structure when absorbed

A

no, it is absorbed the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what absorbs more alcohol out of the stomach and the small intestine

A

small intestine (enters the bloodstream within minutes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when are the peak alcohol levels in your blood

A

30 - 60 minutes after drinking stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what parts of the body does alcohol go to

A

all the water containing segments (includes the blood brain barrier and across the placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what percentage of alcohol metabolises through the liver

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is alcohol secreted

A

urine, tears, sweat, semen and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the physiological effects of alcohol

A

reduced energy consumption, impairs or inhibits the function of proteins that serves as structural components of cells or as enzymes, damages the membrane that surround the cells, protein production decreases, mitochondria education decreases, heart muscle contraction impaired, heart disease, reduces energy production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the short term physical consequences of excess alcohol intake

A

– nausea and vomiting
– impaired judgement and decision making
• slow response time – memory loss – blurred vision
– drowsiness
– poor muscle co-ordination and reaction, • loss of balance, shakiness.

– Inhibition of breathing and gag reflex – Alcohol poisoning : Confusion, sleep, coma,
death
Delayed:
– Hangovers: headache, nausea and vomiting

26
Q

what are social consequences of short term excess alcohol intake

A

– Break down of relationships as a result of your behaviour
– Feeling bad about yourself and embarrassed by your actions
– Loss of job
– Losing money due to reckless spending
– Having unprotected sex, or unwanted sex. • unwanted pregnancy
• sexually transmitted diseases (STIs)

27
Q

what are some community consequences of short term excess alcohol intake

A

– Increased aggressive behaviour – Injury to drinker or others
– Drink driving – increased accidents – Hospital attendance

28
Q

what are some of the physical or social and community affects of long term excess alcohol intake

A
  • Physical and psychological dependence (alcoholism)
  • Mental health problems - depression and anxiety
  • Problems at school, work and with relationships
  • Increased risk of sexual problems (especially male impotency)
  • Organ damage
29
Q

what organs are damaged by long term excess alcohol intake? (large consumption)

A

brain, mouth, trachea and oesophagus, blood, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, peripheral tissues

30
Q

what are the sorts of organ damaged associated with drinking

A

• CVS: hypertension, myocardial damage
• Liver: fatty liver, inflammation, necrosis,
fibrosis – cirrhosis, liver failure, cancer
• Stomach: inflammation and bleeding
• Pancreas: inflammation aka pancreatitis
• CNS: damage, dementia, tremors, stroke
• Endocrine system: problems with blood sugar control, loss of libido, reduced fertility

31
Q

what happens to the brain when you drink

A

areas of activity decreased, sulci more pronounced in heavy drinkers, loss of brain cells, grey matter has shrunk

32
Q

what happens to the heart when you drink

A

myocardial cell damaged, inflammation and fibrosis, muscle cells reduced function( cardiac failure)

33
Q

what happens to the liver when you drink

A

cirrhosis, Bumpy and modulated appearance (hepatocytes regrowth, scar tissue because of death of other hepatocytes)

34
Q

what happens to the pancreas when you drink

A

yellow and necrosis haemorrhage areas. Pancreases necrosis, when cells dies it releases enzymes and kills other cells causing a cascade (pancreatitis)

35
Q

what happens to the stomach when you drink

A

gastritis, gastric erosions and ulcers, mucosal damage, (black spots, histology (alcohol damages cells and leaves a defect)

36
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E and K

37
Q

what is vitamin A associated with

A

vision, growth, reproduction and immune

38
Q

what is vitamin D associated with

A

bone calcification

39
Q

what is vitamin E associated with

A

antioxidant, neurological

40
Q

what is vitamin K associated with

A

coagulation

41
Q

what are some water soluble vitamins

A

Thiamine [B1]  Riboflavin [B2]  Niacin [B3]  Pyridoxine [B6]  Cobalamin [B12]  Folate
 Ascorbate [C]

42
Q

what is thiamine associated with (B1)

A

enzyme decarboylations

43
Q

what is riboflavin involved in (B2)

A

enzyme oxidations

44
Q

what is niacin (B3) involved in

A

oxidation-reduction

45
Q

what is pyridoxine (B6) involved in

A

general enzyme cofactor

46
Q

what is cobalamin (B12) involved in

A

neural, folate metabolism

47
Q

what is folate involved in

A

one carbon transfer, anaemia

48
Q

what is ascorbate involved in (C)

A

connective tissue, antixoidation

49
Q

what are the arguments for taking vitamin supplements

A

Observational studies show those with high plasma vitamin levels are less likely to get cancer
Antioxidants [eg Vit A, C, E, carotene] theoretically should prevent cancer
Some groups [eg elderly, poor] have marginal stores of fat soluble vitamins

50
Q

what are the arguments against vitamin supplementation

A

• Studies are difficult to conduct: placebo group may take MV, very large sample size needed
• Nutritional needs met by diet alone
• Vitamin supplements do not replace a balanced diet • Large studies show no benefit or limited evidence
for benefit, examples to follow…..

51
Q

what did the randomised trials of antioxidants cochrane collaboration in 2012 show

A

Trials comparing beta carotene, vits A, C and E and selenium in any combination vs nil in healthy and chronic disease groups
Meta analysis showed antioxidants increased mortality by 4%
Singly or combined - beta carotene increased risk by 7%, also vit A and vit E
Vit C and selenium no effect

52
Q

what is randomised trials of MV- ann int med 2006 show

A

Trials comparing 3 or more vitamins vs placebo or nil to prevent chronic disease
Evidence for reduced cancer incidence is weak
Cardiovascular disease – no benefit
Eye – macular degeneration – one study benefit from Vit C, E, carotene and zinc

53
Q

what did the tests of omega 3 supplements show

A

Cochrane study 2012: 3500 participants no benefit of 24 or 40 months omega 3 for preventing dementia
JAMA 2012: meta analysis of 68000 participants no benefit for mortality, infarct, stroke
NCI 2012 and European studies: increases risk of prostate cancer, especially high grade cancer

54
Q

what are the individual exceptions to taking supplements

A

Folate early in pregnancy reduces risk of neural tube defects
Folate reduces risk of breast and colon Ca especially if alcohol intake is high
Vit D and Ca in elderly reduces fracture risk

55
Q

what is high plasma homocysteine associated with

A

coronary artery disease
stroke
deep vein thrombosis dementias
pregnancy complications

56
Q

what did tests of people taking folate, B6 and B12 show or placebo

A

5522 adults aged >54y studied for 5 years deep vein thrombosis occurred equally in
both groups
5442 women with risk factors studied for 7 y
cardiovascular disease occurred equally in both groups

57
Q

what are the essential trace elements

A

Known RDA eg. Zn, Fe, I, Se

Unknown RDA eg. Mn, Cr, Co, Mo Ultratrace unknown role eg. Li, Ni, Sn, Si

58
Q

what are the toxic metals with no function

A

eg. Al, Cd, Hg, As, Pb

59
Q

are plasma or blood levels good or poor indicators of deficiency

A

poor

60
Q

where can mercury be found

A

Community: Fish, dental amalgams, vaccine link to autism?
Industry: Pulp, paper, plastic Women and children: less ‘large’ fish Dental Amalgam: Not significant
Contamination of water gold extraction, bioconverted to more toxic methylHg

PATH2220 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions