W7: Data Analysis I Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are the steps of the research process?
- Identify topic of interest
- gather background info and ensure access
- set research question(s)
- choose design and methodology
- develop tools and methods
- access sample: begin data collection
- Organize and analyze data
- Interpret your results; define conclusions
- Transfer knowledge
What are the different types of statistics?
- Descriptive
- Inferential
Define descriptive stats. Give an example
procedures/tools for describing individual variables, relationships between variables
eg. describing characteristics of study sample (sex, age, etc.; often table 1 in articles)
Define inferential stats and give an example.
procedures used to analyze data after experiment is done & determine if an IV has significant effect; allow extrapolations from sample to population
eg. between group design
What are the 3 levels of measurement? (descriptive)
- nominal
-ordinal
-ratio
Define nominal and give an example.
numeric values are arbitrary, not ordered
eg. gender, political affiliation
Define ordinal and give an example.
has continuum, values are ordered but intervals are not equal.
eg. Likert items, income brackets
Define ratio and give an example.
numeric values assigned reflect equal intervals; has true zero
eg. weight, age in years
Define Tendency and list the types
simple stats that typify set of values
- mean
-median
-mode
When is mean used?
for describing ratio data
- aka arithmetic mean/average
When is median used?
for describing ratio and ordinal
When is mode used?
for describing ratio, ordinal, and nominal data
What are measures of dispersion and what are the types?
describes variability of measures
- range
- standard deviation
- variance
What is range? What kind of data is it used for?
calculated by subtracting lowest form highest value in set of values/ indicating lowest and highest values
(for ordinal and ratio data)
What is standard deviation (SD)? What kind of data is it used for? What is it related to?
measure reflecting the average amount of deviation from meal value in set of values
(ratio level data)
related to normal distribution curve
What is variance? How is it calculated? What kind of data is it used for?
single number that represents total amount of variation in distribution
variance = SD squared
(ratio level data)
What is the purpose of standardizing data? Give an example.
allow for comparisons between units of different sizes.
eg. suicide rates
9.9/100,000 - Ontario
32.4/100,000- Northwest territories
What are the 5 types of standardizing data?
- proportions
-percentages
-percentage change
-rates
-ratios
Define proportions. What can it substitute? How is it calculated?
standard method of designating portion of total; ranges from .00 (none of total) to 1.00 (all of total)
- can be used instead of percentages
- batting average (BA)
BA= # of hits/# at bats
what is a percentage?
proportion may be converted to % by multiplying by 100; denotes probability- how often something happens per 100 times
What is percentage change? How is it calculated?
measure of how much something has changed over given time period.
(time 2-time1/time 1) x 100
Define rates. Give an example.
represent frequency of something for a standard sized unit.
eg. divorce, suicide, crime
Define ratios
represent comparison of one thing to another
what is normal distribution?
aka normal curve/bell curve; based on concept: as number of scored in sample increases, scores approximate more so a “normal distribution”
half scores above and half below mean
