W7 flashcards
1
Q
overview of the skull
A
- Houses the brain & special sensory organs (eyes, inner ear, tongue)
- Houses the face
- Has ONE mobile joint = TMJ
- important for communication, eating, seeing, smelling & tasting
2
Q
two parts of the skull
A
neurocranium
viscerocranium
3
Q
Neurocranium purpose
A
- Protects the brain
- Provides attachment for head & neck muscles
- Houses the special sense organ for hearing
4
Q
Viscerocranium purpose
A
- Houses special sense organs for vision, smell & taste
- Contains openings for the respiratory & digestive tracts
- Anchors muscles of facial expression
- Includes the (TMJ)
5
Q
Neurocranium components
A
frontal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone
temporal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
6
Q
Viscerocranium components
A
zygomatic bone
maxilla
mandible
vomer
palatine bone
nasal bone
lacrimal bone
inferior nasal concha
7
Q
sphenoid bone
A
- Butterfly-shaped‘
- Divided into three parts (body, lesser wings, greater wing)
- Helps form the base & lateral sides of the skull
8
Q
ethmoid bone
A
- In-between eyes and where the nose sits
- contributes to the medial wall of the orbit
- Directs inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasal cavity to the lungs
9
Q
Infant skull
A
- Larger neurocranium
- smaller facial skeleton
- Thin & soft bones
fontanelles
~ soft spot of the skulls where the bones haven’t fully fused yet
~ this is so baby’s head can fit through the birth canal during childbirth
10
Q
Child skull
A
- Larger facial skeleton – however proportion is more even
- Bones are fully fused
- Infant teeth with adult teeth developing
11
Q
Adult skull
A
- Facial skeleton is larger
- Adult teeth only (possibly tooth gaps or decay)
- Paranasal sinuses fully developed
12
Q
Elderly skull
A
- Smaller mandible & general smaller facial skeleton
- Thinner bones
- Loss of teeth
13
Q
Anatomical spaces of the skull
A
Cranial cavity = contains the brain
Orbits = Contain the eyes & associated structures
Nasal cavity = contains nasal passages
Oral cavity = contains teeth, tongue etc
14
Q
Paranasal sinuses
A
Air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity - into the surrounding skull bones
- Warm and humidifying the inspired air (air we breathe in)
15
Q
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
A
connects your jaw to your skull
16
Q
TMJ - Articular surfaces
A
- Mandibular fossa & articular tubercle of temporal bone
17
Q
TMJ - movement
A
- Elevation (closing) & depression (opening)
- Protrusion & retrusion
- Lateral excursion / deviation (Side-to-side gliding in chewing)
GLIDIDNG MOVEMENTS = Mandible being moved from one position to another
18
Q
face - function
A
- Brings together the organs for seeing, speaking, smelling, eating (including suckling) and tasting
19
Q
Sensory innervation of the face
A
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
20
Q
Trigeminal nerve components
A
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3
21
Q
V1 - ophthalmic
A
forehead, upper eye lids, nose ridge
22
Q
V2 - maxillary
A
Lower eyelids, sides of nose, upper lip
23
Q
V3 - mandibular
A
Lower lip, chin, sides of face
24
Q
Blood supply of the face
A
Arteries supplying blood to the face are mainly branches of the external carotid artery (branch of common carotid artery)
25
Branches of exterior carotid artery
- superior thyroid artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Maxillary artery
26
Venous drainage of the face
veins draining the face accompany the arteries & ultimately drain into the jugular veins
27
vein components
- Superior thyroid vein
- Lingual vein
- Facial vein
- Superficial temporal vein
- Maxillary vein
28
Lymphatic drainage – process
- Lymph drains into the venous system
- Blood is delivered to your tissues, entering the venous system and returning to your heart
- End up with excess fluid in your tissues, that doesn't get collected by the venous sytem & need to return its way into circulation
- Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid and take it back into the venous system
29
Muscles of mastication
= all innervated by the TMJ
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
30
temporalis
Origin – temporal fossa
Insertion – coronoid process & tucks inside the ramus on the inside of the mandible
Actions – elevates & retracts mandible (superiorly)
31
Masseter
Origin – zygomatic arch
Insertion – angle & lateral surface (outside) of ramus and mandible
Actions – pull on the mandible upwards (elevates)
32
Medial pterygoid
Origin – has 2 parts
- Superficial head
- Deep head:
Insertion – medial surface of ramus of mandible – inside of madible
Actions
- Bilaterally: elevates & protrudes mandible (both sides)
- Unilaterally: laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side (one side)
33
Lateral pterygoid
Origin
- upper head: greater wing of sphenoid bone
- Lower head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
Insertion – physically attaches to the neck of condylar process of mandible, TMJ capsule and articular disc
Actions
- Bilaterally: protrudes mandible forward for opening your mouth wide
- Unilaterally: laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side (one side)
34
Mouth opening movement – process
- Head of the mandible sits on the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone when your open your mouths
- As you open your mouth further, the lateral pterygoid muscle pulls your jaw forward (protrude mandible)
35
mandible - fully opened
- condyle of the mandible slides forward
- is super imposed on the articular cubicle of the temporal bone
- (gliding action)
36
Oral region
- Oral cavity
- Teeth
- Gums (gingivae)
- Tongue
- Palate
- Oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces)
37
oral cavity divisions
Oral cavity proper: internal to the teeth & gingivae
Oral vestibule: between teeth & gingivae and the lips & cheeks
38
oral cavity - functions
= Passage for ingested material
- Hold ingested material prior to swallowing
- Begin digestion
- Articulation & resonance for speech
39
oral cavity - boundaries
Roof = palate
Floor = muscles (tongue sits on the floor)
~ Anterior = lips
~ Lateral = cheeks
~ Posterior = oropharyngeal isthmus
40
Hard palate
- Palate separated into 2 parts = hard palate & soft palate (closes nasopharynx during swallowing)
- Has a midline ridge called the palatine raphe
- has irregular folds of connective tissue called palatine rugae
Palatine rugae
~ extend from anterior palate to area of first premolars
~ highly sensitive
~ assist with speech & swallowing
Alveolar process (or ridge)
~ Bony ridge area closest to the teeth
~ thickened part of the maxillae – containing tooth sockets
~ Important for articulation of alveolar consonants (d, l, n, s, t, z)
41
Mucous membrane (mucosa)
= oral cavity is lined by a mucous membrane (mucosa)
- gingivae (gums) when it surrounds the teeth
- Gingivae and mucosa allow for greater withstanding of abrasion from ingested material
42
Cleft palate
= a birth defect that occurs when the maxillae don't fuse in utero
- implication for speech & swallowing
- Often associated with cleft lip & palate (the incomplete formation of upper lip)
43
Tongue
Can be divided into two parts, separated by a V-shaped groove called the sulcus terminalis
~ Oral part: anterior 2/3
~ Pharyngeal part: posterior 1/3
44
cheeks (buccae)
Form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
~ moveable
~ continuous with the lips
- Linked by mucosa
- Contain fat pads, muscles, nerves & allow the duct of the parotid gland
45
Oropharyngeal isthmus
- form the posterior wall/boundary of the oral cavity
- Narrow passage (isthmus = narrow) between soft palate and tongue
- Boundary between oral cavity and oropharynx
- Bound by the pillars of fauces/faucial pillars
46
major salivary gland - 3 divisions
- Parotid gland
- Submandibular gland
- Sublingual gland
47
functions of saliva
- Cleans and moistens the oral cavity
- Maintains oral hygiene (antibacterial properties, neutralises acid)
48
Parotid gland
- largest salivary gland
- Located superficially on the face
- Produces mostly serous secretions
49
Submandibular gland
- Produce most of the total saliva
- Located deep & inferior to the body of the mandible
- Produces a mixture of serous & mucous secretions
50
Sublingual gland
- smallest of major salivary glands
- Located on the floor of the oral cavity
- Produces mostly mucous secretions
51
nerve supply
Parasympathetic NS – rest & digest
= increases salivation
Sympathetic NS – fight or flight
= innervation decreases salivation (via vasoconstriction)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
= submandibular & sublingual glands
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
= parotid gland
CN V
= fibers are carried to the glands they innervate via the V3 division of the trigeminal nerve
52
facial nerve CNVII
Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
53
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Taste & general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and pillars of fauces
54
vagus nerve (CN X)
Taste & general sensations to epiglottis and small area of the tongue
