W8 - Performance Monitoring Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is performance monitoring
Identification and correct differences between an intended and executed response
Neuropsychological symptoms of performance monitoring deficits
- The difference between knowing and doing
- Perseverative behaviour
- i.e. no learning
- Lack of insight
- i.e. denial
What do many clinical group show neurologically in performance monitoring?
Hypoactive ERN/ACC after mistake
- Cocaine users, SZ, AD, Alcohol, borderline personality disorder; medication-naïve adolescents with ADHD;
- However, this could be due to a number of different explanations: task is too boring, doesn’t evoke enough emotion when a mistake is made etc.
What is the exception group which shows hyperactive ERN
OCD and OCD students
Heightened error-related ACC and ERN response
What is the ERN and what does it correlate with?
- ERN in ACC (Medial Frontal Region) approx 50 to 100ms after making an error
- ERN correlates with error awareness
- Confident they made an error = Higher ERN
What is the “Rabbitt effect” and who shows it
“Rabbitt Effect”
Cautious, or slowing, of response times immediately following an error
- SZ Patients, or any group with hypoactive ACC/ERN
What is the two-factor theory of delusion. What does it explain
Explains monoethetic delusions.
- Factor 1
- Depends on where brain has damaged cortex
- Factor 2
- Each share a common dysfunction in belief evaluation
What is the one-factor theory of delusion
- Dynamic relationship between top-down and perception.
- Impaired prediction error system to update beliefs.
What are the 3 hypotheses on what ERN represents?
- Emotional impact of an error #1
- Response conflict #2
- Two competing responses
- Reward less than expected #3
- Relative outcome
The conflict monitoring theory of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) function argues that it responds to the response conflict inherent to many executive function tasks, such conflict arises from what
Competition between two competing responses, which are typically congruent and incongruent to the task requirements
What is the evidence that ERN represent conflict monitoring (#2)
What is the caveat?
2 Evidence:
- ACC activity during error correlates with slowing of response speed on the following trial
- Greater ACC during an error thought to reflect response conflict in trials
Caveat
- Separating the “response” from “accuracy feedback” results in greater ACC activity for the “feedback“ compared to “response”
What is the neurobiology behind ERN and the proposed role of ACC based on #2
#2
- ERN in ACC
- Decrease dopamine in Midbrain (Basil Ganglia)
- Correct response
- Increase dopamine in Midbrain (Basil Ganglia)
Proposed Role of ACC
Trasmit value of response to regions critical for behaviour
(.e.g DLPFC for inhibition; hippocampus for learning)
What is the underlying principle underlying human behaviour and how does it relate to prediction errors?
Prediction error
- Greater magnitude of prediction error
- Greater dopamine cell activity
- Likely behaviour will be ‘successful’
The reward prediction model of error:
How does ERN represent outcome relative to expectation (#3)
Reward prediction model of error #3
ACC activity or ERN reflects outcome relative to prediction
Evidence: Gambling Task
ERN influenced more by relative loss or gain, than whether a participants was correct or incorrect
- Gain + Correct / Loss + Error was greater than
- Gain + Error / Loss + Correct
How does ACC lesion relate to prediction error based on animal studies?
What does it suggest?
ACC Lesion in Monkeys
- No impairment in performance immediately after an error
- Intact learning from immediate feedback
- Unable to sustain rewarded responses
- Impaired ability to integrate feedback over time
Suggests ACC integrates value of outcome information
Do PD Patients learn better from Reward or Punishment (Experiment)
Patients off-medication (Low Dopemine)
- Better learning from punishment than reward
Patients on-medication (High Dopemine):
- Better learning from reward than punishment
[Note: Uncommon weird pattern in PD as usually low dopamine means greater sensitivity to seek reward]
Taq1A and learning patterns: Rewards vs punishment
- Low D2 receptors (Taq1A) learn better from reward
- But ‘Typical’ pattern (Normal D2) learn better from negative feedback/punishment
How does ACC represent perceived and unperceived errors? Evidence from antisaccade task.
ERN represents both perceived and unperceived errors similarly (Unconscious detection)
What is Error Awareness Task
Simiar to stroop task
Incongruent: Repeat words or correct colour words, leading to many unperceived errors
What did the Error Awareness Task reveal?
- ACC activity was necessary, but not sufficient, for awareness
- ERN was similar, does not vary in whether participants were aware
- ACC is important for awareness, but does not determine if we are aware
- Insula and parietal activity predicted awareness.
(GSR reveals that they truly were unaware, not just forgetting to tell the experimenter)
What brain areas in drug-abusers/others are associated with poor awareness (independent of task perforamance)
Cocaine, Cannibis, ADHD, SZ, Traumatic Brain Injury, AD
Reduced activity in both ACC and insula are associated with poor error awareness, independent of task performance
- Hypoactive ERN
- Poor insight into their own symptoms
- Poorer inhibitory control performance
- Poorer awareness of inhibitory failures
- Only in repeated trial errors
- Conscious error perception in congruent trials comparable to controls
In cocaine-dependent users, what is the hypoactive ERN associated with and what did it predict?
Hypoactive ERN
- Associated with reduced insight into effects of drug use
- Predicted likelihood of relapse and extent of cocaine use following relapse
What does insula do?
- Involved in all subjective feelings
- Awareness/ Interoception, of afferent representations of the feelings from the body
Why do drug addicts not seek help
It is partly due to lower awareness = don’t realize need for help
