W8 - Sleep and Stress

Question 1

during the circadian cycle when is body temp hottest and coldest?

Answer 1

hottest = 6 hours before sleep
coldest = 2 hours into sleep

Question 2

during the circadian cycle when is cortisol levels highest and lowest?

Answer 2

high = 9am
low = 2am

Question 3

EEG

Answer 3

measures electrical activity on the skull

Question 4

EOG

Answer 4

measures muscle activity of the eyes

Question 5

jet lag

Answer 5

easier to adjust, going west to east as you stay awake later at night and wake up lter in the morning

cna cause depression and impare concentration

Question 6

morning vs eneving person

Answer 6

• depends mostly on age
• genetics
• enviro factors

Question 7

Alpha waves

Answer 7

steady waves characterise wakeful relaxation

Question 8

stage 1 sleep wave patterns

Answer 8

waves are irregular, jaggard low-voltage waves

activity is low than awake but more than other sleep stages

Question 9

stage 2 sleep wave patterns

Answer 9

K-complex = shape spikes in waves (temp inhibition of neuron firing)
sleep spindle = many, small, close waves (comms between thalamus and cortex)

spindle help with learning and memory

Question 10

slow-wave sleep

Answer 10

lots of k-complex activity (as brain activity decreases)

slow-waves = nueronal activity is highly synchronized
- activity is driven by thalamus

Question 11

REM

Answer 11

irregular, low-voltage fast waves
- similar to stage 1 except for eye movments

Question 12

old people sleep patterns

Answer 12

more awake periods = more stage 1
less slow-wave sleep

Question 13

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 13

• generates circadiam rhythms automatically
• can still work outside the body them removed

Question 14

where is th SCN

Answer 14

• part of the hypothalamus
• where the optic chiasm crosses over

Question 15

PER (period) & TIM (timeless)

Answer 15

• controls thr protein concetartion promting sleep.
• light activates a chemical that breaks down the TIM protein.

Question 16

PER & TIM activity = wakefulness

Answer 16

mRNA concentration is high

Question 17

PER & TIM activity = sleep

Answer 17

protein concentration is high

Question 18

Morning and CLOCK

Answer 18

inhibits PER & TIME futher increasing CLOCK

Question 19

Evening and CLOCK

Answer 19

increased CLOCK has led to incresaed PER & TIM which inhibit CLOCK

Question 20

melatonin

Answer 20

• produced by the pineal gland
• increased mel production 2-3 hours before before bedtime

Question 21

what incraeses the production of GABA during sleep?

Answer 21

axons from the pons and midbrain

Question 22

GABA and sleep

Answer 22

increasing dopamine = more GABA = promotes sleep
is localised within the brain

allows sleep walking

Question 23

pontomesencphalon

Answer 23

recives sensory info and generates activity with the circadian rhythm

Question 24

Acetycholine and glutamate

Answer 24

promotes wakefulness

Question 25

Locus Coeruleus and wakefulness

Answer 25

axons releases noradrenaline in the cortex to increase alertness

Question 26

Hypothalamus and wakefulness

Answer 26

high histamine = alertness orexin - wakefulness

Question 27

sleep apnea

Answer 27

impared ability to breath causing increased wakefulness causes: obesity, genetics, hormones. risks: stroke, heart problems neuronal loss treatments: enhansing dopamine and noreadrenaline activity - not orexin

Question 28

sleep walking

Answer 28

* 5% of kids * 1.6% adults * motor cortex is awake * occurs during slow-wave sleep early in the night ## Footnote not during REM sleep

Question 29

Lucid Dreaming

Answer 29

* 23% of people * frontal and temoral activity

Question 30

night terrors

Answer 30

* occurs during NREM sleep

Question 31

Insomnia or hypersomnia

Answer 31

sleep too little or sleep too much: * due to agression, irritability, accidents, psychiatroc disoders * spical case: desynchronmised circadian rhythms

Question 32

Narcolepsy

Answer 32

sleepyness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis. * triggered by intense stimulation/emotion * reduction in orexin neurotransmission in lateral hypothalamus (involved in wake) * causes: genes, enviro, stress

Question 33

Functions of sleep

Answer 33

* energy conservation, celular maintenance, synapse stregthening * due to evoltion: diffrent sleep needs between species * memory formation as hippocampus id active during sleep

Question 34

Functions of REM

Question 35

Neurocogitive Hypothesis | theory of why we sleep

Answer 35

top-down

Question 36

what links our brina and our organs

Answer 36

the Autonomic Nervus System (ANS)

Question 37

what system is the ANS part of?

Answer 37

the Peripheral Nervous System

Question 38

what are the two systems of the ANS

Answer 38

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 39

sympathetic NS

Answer 39

fight or flight

Question 40

parasympathetic NS

Answer 40

rest and digest

Question 41

most psychiatric disoders are associated with a deficit in what?

Answer 41

the ANS

Question 42

how are the symp and parasymp NS formed?

Answer 42

pre- and postganglionic fibers | two sequential neuron efferent parthways

Question 43

which organs are not connected to the parasympatheic NS?

Answer 43

adrenal gland liver sweat glands

Question 44

what does heart rate variablity refer to?

Answer 44

the beat-to-beat variation in heart rate

Question 45

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 45

the treat response

Question 46

# stress activation step 1 HPA axis

Answer 46

consists of: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

Question 47

# stress activation step 2 anterior pituitary gland secretes

Answer 47

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 48

# stress activation step 3 ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret

Answer 48

cortisol