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Kinesiology -- Gait > Walking Analysis > Flashcards

Walking Analysis Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

What features of walking are observed in the sagittal plane?

A
  • Stride length
  • Cadence
  • Speed
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2
Q

What features of walking are observed in the frontal plane?

A
  • the size of the base of support: stride width
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3
Q

What features of walking are observed in the transverse plane?

A

Foot progression angle

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4
Q

Typical stride width?

A

3-9cm

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5
Q

Typical foot progression angle?

A

7 degrees of out-toeing (positive foot progression)

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6
Q

What are the 4 groups of phases of walking?

A

1) Weight acceptance
2) single limb support
3) early swing limb advancement
4) late swing limb advancement

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7
Q

What consists of 60% of gait?

A

Stance phases

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8
Q

What consists of 40% of gait?

A

Swing phases

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9
Q

What phases occur during weight acceptance?

A

Initial contact and loading response

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10
Q

What phases occur during single limb support?

A

Midstance and terminal stance

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11
Q

What phases occur during early swing limb advancement?

A

Preswing and initial swing

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12
Q

What phases occur during late swing limb advancement?

A

Midswing and terminal swing

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13
Q

If the reference phase is in initial contact, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal stance

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14
Q

If the reference limb is in loading response, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Preswing

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15
Q

If the reference limb is in midstance, what phases is the contralateral limb in?

A

Initial swing and mid swing

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16
Q

If the reference limb is in terminal stance, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal swing and initial contact

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17
Q

If the reference limb is in preswing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Loading response

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18
Q

If the reference limb is in initial contact, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Midstance

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19
Q

If the reference limb is in midswing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Midstance

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20
Q

If the reference limb is in terminal swing, what phase is the contralateral limb in?

A

Terminal stance

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21
Q

What occurs during weight acceptance?

A

The body’s weight is transferred to the reference limb. Shock absorption is important to ensure efficient energy transfer.

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22
Q

What occurs during single limb support?

A

The body passes over a stationary foot. A single limb supports the body, and the body moves in front of the reference limb.

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23
Q

What occurs during swing limb advancement?

A

The reference limb generates momentum through forward propulsion. Initially, this involves pushing off the surface; followed by limb clearance strategies (rapid flexing of the reference limb).

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24
Q

What specifically occurs during late swing advancement?

A

The reference limb is decelerated.

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25
What occurs during initial contact?
Foot contacts the ground
26
What occurs during loading response?
Body weight is transferred to the reference limb and chock is absorbed on a flexed limb
27
What occurs during Midstance?
Body moves over a stationary foot and balance on on foot is maintained
28
What occurs during terminal stance?
Body progresses past the stationary foot and balance is maintained
29
What occurs during preswing?
Generation of momentum for forward propulsion for swing limb advancement
30
What occurs during initial swing?
Clearance of swing limb
31
What occurs during midswing?
Deceleration of limb
32
What occurs during terminal swing?
Extended limb for step length and preparation for loading
33
Number pattern of critical events?
1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1
34
What critical event occurs at initial contact?
Heel first contact
35
What critical events occur at loading response?
- controlled ankle plantarflexion - controlled knee flexion - maintenance of hip stability
36
What critical event occurs during Midstance?
Controlled tibial advancement
37
What are the critical events of terminal stance?
- controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rising | - trailing limb posture
38
What critical events occur during preswing?
- rapid ankle plantarflexion | - passive knee flexion to 40 degrees
39
What critical events occur during initial swing?
- maximum knee flexion to 60 degrees | - hip flexion to 15 degrees
40
What critical events occur during midswing?
- dorsiflexion to 0 | - maximum hip flexion to 25 degrees
41
What critical event occur during terminal swing?
Knee extension to 0 degrees
42
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical event of the ankle during initial contact?
Kinematics: 0 degrees (neutral) MA: Tibialis anterior Kinetics: plantar moment CE: Heel first contact
43
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during Loading Response?
Kinematics: 5 degrees plantarflexion MA: Tibialis anterior Kinetics: plantar moment CE: controlled ankle plantarflexion
44
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during Midstance?
Kinematics: 5 degrees dorsiflexion MA: gastric/soleus Kinetics: GRF through joint CE: controlled tibial advancement
45
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during terminal stance?
Kinematics: 10 degrees dorsiflexion MA: gastric/soleus Kinetics: Dorsi moment CE: ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise
46
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during preswing?
Kinematics: 15 degrees plantarflexion MA: gastric/soleus Kinetics: Dorsi moment CE: rapid ankle plantarflexion
47
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during initial swing?
Kinematics: 5 degrees plantarflexion MA: Tibialis anterior Kinetics: 0 moment CE: none
48
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during midswing?
Kinematics: 0 degrees MA: Tibialis anterior Kinetics: 0 moment CE: Dorsiflexion to neutral
49
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the ankle during terminal swing?
Kinematics: 0 degrees MA: Tibialis anterior Kinetics: 0 moment CE: none
50
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during initial contact?
Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion MA: quads and hamstrings Kinetics: flexor moment CE: None
51
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during Loading Response?
Kinematics: 15 degrees flexion MA: quads Kinetics: quads CE: controlled knee flexion
52
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during Midstance?
Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion MA: None Kinetics: GRF goes through joint CE: None
53
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during terminal stance?
Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion MA: None Kinetics: Extensor moment CE: None
54
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during preswing?
Kinematics: 40 degrees flexion MA: None Kinetics: flexor moment CE: passive knee flexion to 40 degrees
55
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during initial swing?
Kinematics: 60 degrees flexion MA: None Kinetics: flexor moment CE: knee flexion to 60 degrees
56
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during mid swing?
Kinematics: 25 degrees flexion MA: hamstrings Kinetics: flexor moment CE: none
57
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the knee during terminal swing?
Kinematics: 0-5 degrees flexion MA: quads and hamstrings Kinetics: 0 moment CE: knee extension to 0 degrees
58
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during initial contact?
Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion MA: Glut max and hamstrings Kinetics: flexor moment CE: none
59
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during Loading Response?
Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion MA: glut max Kinetics: flexor moment CE: hip stability
60
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during Midstance?
Kinematics: 0 degrees flexion MA: None Kinetics: GRF is through joint CE: None
61
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during terminal stance?
Kinematics: 20 degrees extension MA: None Kinetics: extensor moment CE: trailing limb
62
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during preswing?
Kinematics: 10 degrees extension MA: Rectus femoris, adductor longus Kinetics: extensor moment CE: None
63
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during initial swing?
Kinematics: 15 degrees flexion MA: rectus femoris, adductor longus, iliopsoas Kinetics: 0 moment CE: flexion to 15 degrees
64
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during midswing?
Kinematics: 25 degrees flexion MA: hamstrings Kinetics: 0 moment CE: flexion to 25 degrees
65
Kinematics, muscle activation, kinetics, and critical events at the hip during terminal swing?
Kinematics: 20 degrees flexion MA: glut max and hamstrings Kinetics: flexor moment CE: None
66
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during initial contact?
Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation MA: glut medius
67
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during Loading Response?
Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation MA: glut medius
68
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during Midstance?
Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation; 7 degrees drop MA: glut medius
69
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during terminal stance?
Kinematics: 5 degrees backward rotation; 7 degrees drop; 4 degrees anterior tilt MA: glut medius
70
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during preswing?
Kinematics: 4 degrees anterior tilt MA: None
71
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during initial swing?
Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation MA: None
72
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during midswing?
Kinematics: 0 degrees rotation MA: None
73
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the pelvis during terminal stance?
Kinematics: 5 degrees forward rotation MA: glut medius
74
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during initial contact?
Kinematics: erect MA: trunk extensors
75
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during Loading Response?
Kinematics: erect MA: trunk extensors
76
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during Midstance?
Kinematics: erect MA: abdominals
77
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during terminal stance?
Kinematics: erect MA: abdominals
78
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during preswing?
Kinematics: erect MA: trunk extensors
79
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during midswing?
Kinematics: erect MA: abdominals
80
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during initial swing?
Kinematics: erect MA: abdominals
81
What are the Kinematics and muscle activation at the trunk during terminal swing?
Kinematics: erect MA: abdominals
82
Maximum ankle dorsiflexion occurs at what phase?
10 degrees at terminal stance
83
Maximum ankle plantarflexion occurs at what phase?
15 degrees at preswing
84
The largest positional change at the ankle occurs between what 2 phases/
Between terminal stance and preswing
85
What muscle is primarily active during weight acceptance to absorb shock and during swing limb advancement to clear the limb?
Tibialis anterior
86
What muscle is primarily active during single limb support phases to stabilize the tibia and during preswing to promote knee flexion?
Gastroc/soleus
87
Most of the joint moments at the ankle occur during what type of phases?
Stance phases
88
The largest joint moment at the ankle occurs at what phase? What type of moments is it?
Flexor moment at preswing
89
The 15 degrees of knee flexion at loading response supports what?
Shock absorption
90
The 60 degrees of knee flexion at initial swing supports what?
Limb clearance
91
At weight acceptance, what muscle group is activated to stabilize the hip?
Hamstrings
92
What muscle group are active during terminal swing to decelerate the tibia?
Hamstrings
93
What muscle group is primarily active at weight acceptance for shock absorption?
Quadriceps
94
What muscle group is active at terminal swing to extend the limb?
Quadriceps
95
The joint moments at the knee are highest during what phases? What type of moments?
Flexor moments at weight acceptance and initial swing
96
Hip flexion is greatest at what phase?
Midswing
97
The rectus femoris and adductor longus are active primarily at what 2 phases/
Preswing and initial swing
98
Rectus femoris and adductor longus function to support what?
Hip flexion and knee flexion
99
During phases of hip flexion, the pelvis rotates in what direction?
Anterior
100
During phases of hip extension, the pelvis rotates in what direction?
Posterior
101
Gluteal muscles are most active during what phase?
Weight acceptance
102
What observations are included in the broad perspective?
- ability to simultaneously control multiple degrees of freedom (smoothness of motion) - symmetry - pace - BOS - ability to perform basic criteria for walking
103
BOS includes what?
- step length - foot progression angle - step width
104
Basic criteria for walking includes what?
- the ability to absorb shock during WA - support the body on a single limb - generate forward propulsion - clear the swing limb - decelerate the swing limb
105
What observations are included in the detailed perspective?
The 14 critical events
106
Common deviations in older adults?
- reduced time spent in single limb stance phases - increased time in phases of double limb support - limited time in terminal stance - less hip extension - difficulty modifying gait
107
Common deviations in young children?
- forefoot or foot flat contact - limited ability to absorb shock at WA - knee flexion and hip flexion at LR may not be observed until 4 years old - less time in single limb stance phases - limited hip extension at terminal stance - less gait speed
108
Children have an adult like gait pattern by what age?
7 years old
109
Measures which are time or speed based include?
- ten meter walk test - 6 minute walk test - four square step test
110
Measures which are score based include?
- functional gait assessment - dynamic gait index - gross motor function measure
111
Measures designed for adults include?
- ten meter walk test - 6 minute walk test - four square step test - functional gait assessment - dynamic gait index
112
Measures designed for children include?
- ten meter walk test - 6 minute walk test - dynamic gait index - gross motor function measure

Kinesiology -- Gait (5 decks)

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