Primary causative agent of liver abscess in cattle?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Two potential causes for liver abscess (sources of infection)
Rumenitis (secondary to lactic acidosis)
Navel infection (neonates)
Are liver abscesses routinely treated?
No–poor prognosis & difficult for antibiotics to penetrate abscesses
Two ways to prevent rumenitis?
slowly transition over to grain diets
provide access to long-stem roughage
Which groups of cattle are at increased risk for hepatic lipidosis?
Postpartum dairy cows
Overconditioned beef cows
Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes occurs due to?
increased levels of circulating NEFAs
*NOT due to low apolipoprotein
IV glucose and insulin are indicated treatments for which disease? What do they do?
Hepatic lipidosis
Insulin–inhibits lipolysis
Glucose–decreases hormone sensitive lipase activity
Concerning infections with flukes, which spp. is more likely to get:
1) acute infections
2) chronic infections
1) sheep
2) cattle
Which fluke cannot be detected in feces? Why?
F. maga
Walls itself off–infection doesn’t become patent
Which stage of flukes are targeted by:
1) albendazole
2) Clorsulon
3) Ivermec + Clorsulon
1) adults only
2) adults & late immatures
3) adults only (lower concentration of Clorsulon)
Hepatotoxic plants inhibit the animal’s ability to clear which compound? What does it lead to?
Phylloerythrin
Secondary photosensitization
Permanent dental formula for cattle
2(0/4, 3/3, 3/3)= 32 teeth
Causative agent for:
1) Wooden tongue
2) Lumpy jaw
1) Actinobacillus lignieresii
2) Actinomyces bovis
The lesions of wooden tongue infect the _____ and cause what type of inflammation?
Soft tissue & cause granulomatous inflammation (granulomas at base of tongue)
Wooden tongue and lumpy jaw can both be treated with?
Sodium iodide–watch for toxicity
Lumpy jaw occurs when the bacteria gains access to the ____
bone (most commonly the horizontal ramus of mandible)
T/F: BOTH Actinobacillus lignieresii & Actinomyces bovis are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity
TRUE
Give two causative agents for stomatitis in cattle (1 viral, 1 bacterial)
Viral–Bovine papular stomatitis
Bacterial–F. necrophorum (oral necrobacillosis)
Which clinical sign differentiates Bovine papular stomatitis from FMD & mucosal disease(BVDV)?
LACK of lesions on feet
Which spp. are affected by vesicular stomatitis?
Pigs, sheep/goats, cattle, horses
The 3 primary hosts of foot & mouth disease and their purpose
Sheep–maintenance host
Pigs–amplifiers
Cattle–indicators
Which species does NOT get FMD?
Horses!
T/F: FMD cannot be distinguished from vesicular stomatitis clinically
True!
A common cause of choke (esophageal obstruction) &4 places it can occur
rapid ingestion of grain (not enough saliva)
1) throat latch (pharyngeal-esophagus junction)
2) base of heart
3) in front of cardia
4) thoracic inlet
4 Ruminal contraction patterns:
1) primary contraction
2) secondary contraction (eructation)
3) rumination
4) esophageal groove closure
Hypermotility of the rumen is commonly associated with
vagal indigestion
T/F: Chloride levels in a normal rumen should be high
FALSE–chloride is made in abomasum and should be LOW in rumen
The following clinical signs are associated with what disease:
- papple contour of abdomne, intermittent anorexia with weight loss
- presence of stems in feces
- L-shaped rumen felt on rectal palpation
Vagal indigestion
For which type(s) of vagal indigestion would you expect rumen chloride to be elevated?
Type 3 & 4
*high chloride indicates abomasal reflux
A concern for milk-fed calves demonstrating intermittent diarrhea & a distended rumen?
Rumen putrefaction
2 causes for frothy bloat?
1) primary disease (gas gets trapped in tiny bubbles)
2) relaxation of cardia doesn’t occur (failure of eructation)
2 treatments indicated for frothy bloat
1) rumenotomy (trocarization WON’T work!!)
2) anti-foaming agents (poloxalene, mineral oil, docusate sodium)
Describe the bacterial changes seen with lactic acidosis
increase in the number of G+ (strep & lactobacillus)
G- die off and cause endotoxemia
How does lactic acidosis impact rumen motility?
Causes complete stasis
**OPPOSITE to vagal indigestion
Why is activated charcol indicated for tx of lactic acidosis?
inactivates endotoxin
Which types of vagal indisgestion can be seen with hardware disease?
Type 2 or 3
Which nerves innervate the paralumbar fossa?
T13, L1, L2
For the proximal paravertebral nerve block, where do the nerves exit?
immediately caudal to their corresponding vertebra (L1 nerve exits directly caudal to L1 vertebra)
Where do you block (vertebrae numbers) for the distal paravertebral
At the transverse process of L1, L2, L4
During an exploratory laparotomy, which organ serves as your landmark?
Left Kidney
Which approach allows better access for a ex-lap?
Right flank
Where are the intestines located when trying to find them during an exploratory?
in the supra-omental recess
When incising into the cow, name the layers you encounter from superficial to deep
1) skin
2) external abdominal oblique (caudo-ventral)
3) internal abdominal oblique (cranio-ventral)
4) transverse abdominal muscle
5) peritoneum
Structures to be cautious of when making a:
1) left flank approach
2) Right flank approach
1) Rumen or LDA
2) duodenum, RDA, AV (abomasal volvulus)
Most common indication to perform a rumenotomy?
hardware disease
What type of pattern is indicated for rumen closure?
double layer inverting continuous patter
Ex: cushing, guard rumen stitch
Typical signalment for abomasal displacement?
older (4-7yr) dairy cattle ~1month after calving
These clinical signs are indicative of?
- selective anorexia (cow won’t eat grain)
- ping in left paralumbar fossa
- -normal TPR
LDA
ping can help determine left vs. right displacement
What can cause pings on left side (3 things)
1) LDA, rumen typman, rumen void
Proximal colon distension and duodenal gas can cause pings on which side?
Right side
Which type of ulcers tend to bleed? (perforating or non?)
Non-perforating
Which type (#) of ulcer is associated with:
1) BLV+ cows
2) black, tarry feces with pcv <15%
1) Type 3
2) Type 2
For which type of ulcer (#) is there no treatment–euthanasia is option
Type 3 (BLV-associated)
Causative agent of abomasitis?
Clostridium perfringens Type A
**Dairy calves < 21days
How does the Right paralumbar fossa pyloro-omentopexy differ from the right paralumbar fossa omtentopexy?
it includes the seromuscular layer of the pylorus in the closure of the peritoneum
Which surgical approach for LDA offers the lowest change for recurrence?
Right paramedian abomasopexy
Palpation of distended SI, pings in R paralumbar fossa, and severe abdominal pain are indicative of?
Intestinal volvulus
Most common site for intussusception
small intestine (jejunum-jejunum)
The presence of what 3 factors precludes to hemorrhagic bowel disease?
1) Presence of C. perfringens in GI tract
2) Abundance of nutrients (carbs for organism)
3) disruption of intestinal motility
Finding a section of bowel distended by blood or a blood clot would be indicative of?
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
This disease is associated with housed, dairy cattle–they have large volume diarrhea & mild respiratory signs
Winter dysentery
Causative agent of winter dysentery?
Bovine Coronavirus
Which serotype of salmonella is host-adapted and can persist in cattle?
Salmonella enterica spp. enterica
SEROTYPE= Dublin
Which treatment is NOT indicated for enteric cases of salmonella?
Antibiotics
Two common sites of atresia coli
Anus
spiral colon
Ileus is a typical finding associated with?
Peritonitis
4 common metabolic derrangement associated with calf scours
1) dehydration
2) acidosis
3) electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalemia)
4) hypoglycemia
1 risk factor for calves for getting calf scours
failure of passive transfer
Concerning Clostridium perfringens, which type is most common?
What type of calves is it associated with?
Type C–causes segmental enteritis in calves
Associated with healthiest, fastest growing calves
**milk trypsin inhibitors prevent breakdown of beta-toxin
T/F: E. coli adheres to the mucosa but does NOT infiltrate or cause necrosis
True!
What 3 factors all contribute to calf scours?
Host factors
environment
Agent
Which agent of calf scours is difficult to treat and why?
Crypto. parvum
it’s located within the plasma membrane (intracellular but extracytoplasmic)
Which calf scours agent is capable of autoinfection?
Crypto. parvum
oocyst can sporulate in gut and are immediately infective
