War Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is conflict ?
-> inevitable feature of any complex societies
-> conflict opposed to consensus as its argued by the sociologists
-> conflict in wider sense, rather than meaning violence, it can be necessary and positive, providing reasons for change and progress
-> all societies manage conflicts - for example, democratic political progress changed due to ongoing revolutions
Rwanda as a structural violent society
UVIN -> Rwanda before genocide was structurally violent society.
-> It’s economic was growing, yet only small groups of the “state class” was benefiting, and there was growing inequalities, with education and poor health following SAP. An apparently peaceful society concealed mounting anger Ito killing of Tutsi group in this genocide
What is structural violence ?
- The term used by Galtung
- A way in which in apparently peaceful society, a group of usually distinct because; of for example - its gender, ethnicity, religion or caste ) can be exploited by the systematic denial of their rights
What is the nature of the wars today ?
- How many death there are over the period ?
- What are the causes of death? ( only - battle related, or including diseases which spread because of the war )
- Are regular armed forces involved in?
- is the purpose to control all or part of the state ?
Civil Wars ?
- there were 35 normal wars going on at any one time last year
- after the Cold War and US- led invasion of Iraq and Afganistán most wars have into been convectional wars where tow or more state fight over the territory. USA have lost. The monopoly of military violence.
Most of the civil wars, occur in the poorest developing countries
New Wars and Cold Wars
KOLDOR - calls them ( Iraq and Afganistán ) “ new wars” arguing that they appear localised, they involve global “shadow” economies and global networks such as the arm trade, diamonds and drugs. They are a result of globalisation and to some extent are reaction against it.
What are the features of OLD WARS ?
- Total Wars - full mobilisation and resources on a large scale
- Fighting was on a battlefield between armies, thought after WW2 civilians were the target more often
- Wars Werner justified by appeals to patriotism or democracy
- Mass production of weapons, ships, aircraft’s and later production of nuclear weapons
What are the features of the NEW WARS
- Often these are civil wars, sometimes based on ethnic differences
- Battles are avoided. Civilians are targeted or terrorised, leading to increase in number of refugees.
- There is now globalised war economy. Armed groups may rise many by control of oil, diamonds or other resources
- leaders often influenced by globalised culture. E.g wearing Rayban glasses and Rolex watches
Neo - Malthusians view on civil wars
- Uncontrolled population growth and environmental degradation are the main problems any there is so much civil wars in poor countries
- Kaplan -> argue that uncontrolled population growth and overpopulation, urbanisation and resources scarcity and depletion are leading to a struggle to survive
Modernisation view on civil wars in developing countries
- Ayob argues that civil wars are part of the process of creating modern states. Medieval and early modern Europe experienced, similar wars, with many warlords controlling often small areas and constantly shifting borders and alliances.
- This view related to modernisation theory, civil wars will became less common as countries will became more modernised. Peace will come as a rebuilt of free trade and democracy.
Dependency theory and civil wars in developing countries ?
- war is a context of external actors
- Duffield, see new wars in the context of globalisation which has increased inequalities. This leads to poverty, frustration and desperation
- Hanlon, argues some developing countries are weak in terms of ability to give proper social goods such as, security, health and education, politically unstable so cannot control the resulting breakdown in social orders ( rebellions.)
- aid can adversely affect the conditions of the war if most of the benefits go to one group and increases inequalities.
- changes in terms of trade such as International coffee agreement. ICA made by USA in 1999, dramatically reduced the income of Rwandan coffee farmers
Civi wars
Civil wars marked to be brutally shocking
Sierra Leonean, rebels were cutting of the hands of their victims, most of whom were civilians.
This is partly due to the fact that leaders of those countries do not follow the Geneva Convention
- most civilians who dies in civil wars die from poor health care rather than in a battle
Why woman and children mainly the worst target of the war
- war destroyed their families, leaves females as a widows, or children as orphans
- a widow without family support may find difficult to make a living, and to find a partner especially if she was raped and was left pregnant
- child soldiers are a visible feature of civil wars i Sierra Leonean
Intervention in civil wars
Such IGO as UN may create a multilateral ( многостороннее ) intervention
- interaction may help to stop the ceasefire, yet it can just give time to regroup or re-arm
- more than half of civil wars restart within 10 years
- the purpose of the interaction is to stop the killing, yet a quick end might bring a bloody director to the power with greater loss of life. Therefore its better to have an elected government for a long time
LUTTWACK - it is better for a war to continue as it will eventually end with a revolution of political conflict and with peace. Intervention prevents the natural ways for a war to finish.
What are the effects of the war on development ?
- war absorbs mine that can be used for the development
- war destroys infrastructure that makes development possible, such as , schools, healthcare centres
- human loos is enormous, e.g families, homes, office building are destroyed
- environment issues caused by wars, e.g, the bombs destroys forests
- refugees are required to use whatever the resources they have in order ro survive- such as cutting of the woods in order to warm themselves or to boil the water or cook food
- the Second War of Congo , caused more death after the war than during. 5mil people were killed, 2.5 died after due to infectious diseases, pregnancy and child - related causes
Terrorism
- the use of tactics intended to persuade the opponents, or civilians to not resist
