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Russian History > War Communism, NEP, Collectivisation > Flashcards

War Communism, NEP, Collectivisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the five main features of war communism?

A
  1. requisitioning
  2. banning of private trade
  3. nationalisation
  4. rationing
  5. labour discipline
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2
Q

Where did most of the food for the urban diet come from under war communism?

A

the black market, only 1/3 came from rationing

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3
Q

what happened to all factories by november 1920?

A

they were nationalised

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4
Q

when were all factories nationalised by?

A

November 1920

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5
Q

Who replaced workers committees under war communism?

A

Bourgeoisie managers known as ‘specialists’

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6
Q

what did grain requisitioning build upon?

A

‘Socialisation of land’ decree of Feb. 1918

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7
Q

what was set up in May 1918 and what did it do?

A

a Food Supplies Dictatorship to forciably requisition grain

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8
Q

When was the Food Supplies Dictatorship established?

A

May 1918

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9
Q

What could workers be fined for under the new labour discipline of war communsim?

A

lateness, slakeness and absenteeism

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10
Q

Where did party leaders live during war communism?

A

in the nicest hotels in Moscow with access to saunes, hospitals and vast restaurants with the nicest food

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11
Q

Where did Zinoviev live under war communism?

A

the Astoria hotel in Petrograd (with a bunch of Cheka guards and prostitutes)

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12
Q

what was rife under war communism?

A

bribery and corrupution; anything could be bought from a corrupt offical

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13
Q

what were the upsides of war communism? (2)

A
  1. palaces and town houses divided and lived in by poor people
  2. workers enjoyed humiliating former people
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14
Q

What happened in Tambov?

A

70,000 peasants rose against government in response to requisitioning.

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15
Q

How did the governement respond to the rising in Tambov?

A

in 1922, the red army went into Tambov province and destroyed whole villages

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16
Q

What was life under war communism like for the middle class? (3)

A
  1. not allowed to work unless drafted
  2. sold clothes/ jewelery
  3. 42% of Moscow prostitutes from bourgeois families
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17
Q

where were 42% of Moscow prostitutes from?

A

Bourgeois families

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18
Q

what was life like for urban workers under war communism? (3)

A
  1. 3/4 of income spent on food
  2. fuel critically short
  3. water collected from pumps in the streets
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19
Q

what happened as a result of fuel shortages under war communism?

A

trees disappeared and 3000 wooden houses in Petrograd stripped

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20
Q

by how much did the population of Moscow decrease under war communism?

A

44.5%

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21
Q

which city saw a population decrease of 44.5% during war communism?

A

Moscow

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22
Q

by how much did the population of Petrograd decrease under war communism?

A

57.5%

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23
Q

which city saw a population decrease of 57.5% during war communism?

A

Petrograd

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24
Q

by how much did the population of Russia decrease from 1913 to 1921?

A

from 171 million to 131 million

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25
Why did millions die in 1921
famine, disease and war
26
Why was war communism introduced? (4)
1. rapid deteriation of the economy in spring 1918 2. inflation 3. food shortages 4. industry falling apart
27
What were the four main features of NEP?
1. Grain requisition abolished 2. small buisnesses reopened 3. ban on private trade lifted 4. state control of heavy industry
28
what did the state retain control of under NEP? (3)
1. large scale industry like coal, oil and steel 2. transport 3. banking
29
how was heavy industry organised under NEP?
into trusts that had to buy materials and pay workers from their own budgets
30
what was the result of the ban on private trade being lifted under NEP?
food and goods could flow more easily between the countryside and towns
31
what were small buisnesses allowed to do under NEP?
be privatley owned and make a profit
32
why were small buisnesses reopened under NEP?
increase production of consumber goods. peasants would not sell their produce unless there was stuff for them to buy
33
what was NEP primarily concerned with?
meeting Russia's urgent food need
34
what replaced grain requisitioning under NEP?
'tax in kind' where peasants gave a fixed proportion of their grain to the state
35
what could peasants do with surplus of grain?
sell it on the open market
36
how much did cereal production go up under NEP?
23% by 1923
37
how much did industry grow by under NEP?
200% from 1920 and 1923
38
what grew by 200% between 1920 and 1923
industry
39
what was the increase in monthly wages for urban wages under NEP?
from 10.2 roubles in 1921 to 15.9 roubles in 1923
40
by how much did the land under cultivation increase by under NEP?
from 77.7 million hectares in 1922 to 91.7 million in 1926
41
what were the international impacts of NEP?
outside observers thought that it marked the end of the communist experiment which led to trade agreements with Germany in 1922 and Britain in 1924
42
what were peasants still lacking in under NEP? (4)
1. seed 2. implements 3. fertilisers 4. modern equipment
43
how much did the American Relief Administration provide Russia during the time of NEP?
$20 million
44
who provided $20 million in the time of NEP?
The American Relief Administration
45
what did russia get from the US, France, Germany, Britain and Italy during the time of NEP?
food, medicine and clothing
46
what was high during NEP?
urban unemployment
47
what caused the scissors crisis?
a disparity between the growth between agricultural and industrial growth
48
what did the scissors crisis mean for farm producers?
they had to sell their goods at too low a price too enable them to buy any industrial goods
49
what did the scissors crisis discourage peasants to do?
discouraged from producing anymore than their immediate domestic need
50
what did NEP fail to do?
industrialise Russia
51
When was the grain procurement crisis?
1927-9
52
what were the ideological reasons for collectivization? (3)
1. communism hadn't changed agriculture 2. peasants lacked revolutionary spirit 3. essential that capitalist peasants embrace socialism
53
In what way did peasants lack revolutionaryv spirit?
They did not produce grain for the good of the community but rather for themselves and for profit
54
Who in the party did the policy of collectivisation appeal to? What was it more appealing than?
The left wing. Collectivisation more appealing to them than importing grain, which would reduce the pace of industrialisation
55
What acted as a catalyst to end NEP?
The grain procurement crisis
56
What did the grain procurement crisis show that kulaks had the power to do and how?
They could hold the government to ransom by by with holding grain from the market tp push up prices
57
Who in the party lost power as a result of collectivisation?
the right wing
58
What were the political results of collectivisation for Stalin (3)
1. chaos united the party behind Stalin 2. control over the countryside 3. control over whole party
59
Who did Stalin blame for apparent failures of collectivisation?
Kulaks and saboteurs
60
By 1939, how many peasants had moved to towns?
19 million
61
What was the result of collectivisation on the revolutionary spirit of peasants?
Didn't endear them towards communism, created anger and resentment towards the government
62
When were 150,000 kulak families sent to Siberia?
1929
63
How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1929?
150,000
64
Why was there a population imbalance in rural areas under collectivization?
1. deportations | 2. famine
65
How much did grain exports grow by under collectivization?
from 0.03 million tonnes in 1928 to over 5 million in 1931
66
how did peasants rebel as a result of mass collectivisation in 1929
destroy grain and live stock: 18 million horses, 100 million sheep and goats were destroyed
67
who were the twenty five thousanders?
25,000 'socially conscious' industrial workers went to the countyside, hoping to revolutionise the countryside and play their part in building socialism in Russia
68
what were the twenty five thousands used to do in actuallity?
enforce dekulakisation. they were expected to find secret grain and confiscate it, round up kulaks and organise their exile
69
what were the human costs of the first wave of collectivisation?
majority of kulaks either shot or exiled to siberia, where tens of thousands died in labour camps
70
what did Stalin claim in the 1930 pravda article 'Dizzy with Success'?
some local officals were being over enthusiastic whilst implementing collectivisation. argued that the target had been met so the programme was suspended
71
why were international offers of aid rejected by Stalin in 1931?
he claimed there was no famine
72
how many were exiled in total during collectivisation?
9.5 to 10 million
73
describe the harvest of 1933
it was 9 million tonnes less than in 1926
74
in what way was collectivisation a success?
by 1941 all russian farms were collectivised

Russian History (16 decks)

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