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Russian History > War Communism, NEP, Collectivisation > Flashcards

War Communism, NEP, Collectivisation Flashcards

1
Q

What were the five main features of war communism?

A
  1. requisitioning
  2. banning of private trade
  3. nationalisation
  4. rationing
  5. labour discipline
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2
Q

Where did most of the food for the urban diet come from under war communism?

A

the black market, only 1/3 came from rationing

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3
Q

what happened to all factories by november 1920?

A

they were nationalised

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4
Q

when were all factories nationalised by?

A

November 1920

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5
Q

Who replaced workers committees under war communism?

A

Bourgeoisie managers known as ‘specialists’

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6
Q

what did grain requisitioning build upon?

A

‘Socialisation of land’ decree of Feb. 1918

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7
Q

what was set up in May 1918 and what did it do?

A

a Food Supplies Dictatorship to forciably requisition grain

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8
Q

When was the Food Supplies Dictatorship established?

A

May 1918

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9
Q

What could workers be fined for under the new labour discipline of war communsim?

A

lateness, slakeness and absenteeism

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10
Q

Where did party leaders live during war communism?

A

in the nicest hotels in Moscow with access to saunes, hospitals and vast restaurants with the nicest food

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11
Q

Where did Zinoviev live under war communism?

A

the Astoria hotel in Petrograd (with a bunch of Cheka guards and prostitutes)

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12
Q

what was rife under war communism?

A

bribery and corrupution; anything could be bought from a corrupt offical

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13
Q

what were the upsides of war communism? (2)

A
  1. palaces and town houses divided and lived in by poor people
  2. workers enjoyed humiliating former people
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14
Q

What happened in Tambov?

A

70,000 peasants rose against government in response to requisitioning.

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15
Q

How did the governement respond to the rising in Tambov?

A

in 1922, the red army went into Tambov province and destroyed whole villages

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16
Q

What was life under war communism like for the middle class? (3)

A
  1. not allowed to work unless drafted
  2. sold clothes/ jewelery
  3. 42% of Moscow prostitutes from bourgeois families
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17
Q

where were 42% of Moscow prostitutes from?

A

Bourgeois families

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18
Q

what was life like for urban workers under war communism? (3)

A
  1. 3/4 of income spent on food
  2. fuel critically short
  3. water collected from pumps in the streets
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19
Q

what happened as a result of fuel shortages under war communism?

A

trees disappeared and 3000 wooden houses in Petrograd stripped

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20
Q

by how much did the population of Moscow decrease under war communism?

A

44.5%

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21
Q

which city saw a population decrease of 44.5% during war communism?

A

Moscow

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22
Q

by how much did the population of Petrograd decrease under war communism?

A

57.5%

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23
Q

which city saw a population decrease of 57.5% during war communism?

A

Petrograd

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24
Q

by how much did the population of Russia decrease from 1913 to 1921?

A

from 171 million to 131 million

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25
Q

Why did millions die in 1921

A

famine, disease and war

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26
Q

Why was war communism introduced? (4)

A
  1. rapid deteriation of the economy in spring 1918
  2. inflation
  3. food shortages
  4. industry falling apart
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27
Q

What were the four main features of NEP?

A
  1. Grain requisition abolished
  2. small buisnesses reopened
  3. ban on private trade lifted
  4. state control of heavy industry
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28
Q

what did the state retain control of under NEP? (3)

A
  1. large scale industry like coal, oil and steel
  2. transport
  3. banking
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29
Q

how was heavy industry organised under NEP?

A

into trusts that had to buy materials and pay workers from their own budgets

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30
Q

what was the result of the ban on private trade being lifted under NEP?

A

food and goods could flow more easily between the countryside and towns

31
Q

what were small buisnesses allowed to do under NEP?

A

be privatley owned and make a profit

32
Q

why were small buisnesses reopened under NEP?

A

increase production of consumber goods. peasants would not sell their produce unless there was stuff for them to buy

33
Q

what was NEP primarily concerned with?

A

meeting Russia’s urgent food need

34
Q

what replaced grain requisitioning under NEP?

A

‘tax in kind’ where peasants gave a fixed proportion of their grain to the state

35
Q

what could peasants do with surplus of grain?

A

sell it on the open market

36
Q

how much did cereal production go up under NEP?

A

23% by 1923

37
Q

how much did industry grow by under NEP?

A

200% from 1920 and 1923

38
Q

what grew by 200% between 1920 and 1923

A

industry

39
Q

what was the increase in monthly wages for urban wages under NEP?

A

from 10.2 roubles in 1921 to 15.9 roubles in 1923

40
Q

by how much did the land under cultivation increase by under NEP?

A

from 77.7 million hectares in 1922 to 91.7 million in 1926

41
Q

what were the international impacts of NEP?

A

outside observers thought that it marked the end of the communist experiment which led to trade agreements with Germany in 1922 and Britain in 1924

42
Q

what were peasants still lacking in under NEP? (4)

A
  1. seed
  2. implements
  3. fertilisers
  4. modern equipment
43
Q

how much did the American Relief Administration provide Russia during the time of NEP?

A

$20 million

44
Q

who provided $20 million in the time of NEP?

A

The American Relief Administration

45
Q

what did russia get from the US, France, Germany, Britain and Italy during the time of NEP?

A

food, medicine and clothing

46
Q

what was high during NEP?

A

urban unemployment

47
Q

what caused the scissors crisis?

A

a disparity between the growth between agricultural and industrial growth

48
Q

what did the scissors crisis mean for farm producers?

A

they had to sell their goods at too low a price too enable them to buy any industrial goods

49
Q

what did the scissors crisis discourage peasants to do?

A

discouraged from producing anymore than their immediate domestic need

50
Q

what did NEP fail to do?

A

industrialise Russia

51
Q

When was the grain procurement crisis?

A

1927-9

52
Q

what were the ideological reasons for collectivization? (3)

A
  1. communism hadn’t changed agriculture
  2. peasants lacked revolutionary spirit
  3. essential that capitalist peasants embrace socialism
53
Q

In what way did peasants lack revolutionaryv spirit?

A

They did not produce grain for the good of the community but rather for themselves and for profit

54
Q

Who in the party did the policy of collectivisation appeal to? What was it more appealing than?

A

The left wing. Collectivisation more appealing to them than importing grain, which would reduce the pace of industrialisation

55
Q

What acted as a catalyst to end NEP?

A

The grain procurement crisis

56
Q

What did the grain procurement crisis show that kulaks had the power to do and how?

A

They could hold the government to ransom by by with holding grain from the market tp push up prices

57
Q

Who in the party lost power as a result of collectivisation?

A

the right wing

58
Q

What were the political results of collectivisation for Stalin (3)

A
  1. chaos united the party behind Stalin
  2. control over the countryside
  3. control over whole party
59
Q

Who did Stalin blame for apparent failures of collectivisation?

A

Kulaks and saboteurs

60
Q

By 1939, how many peasants had moved to towns?

A

19 million

61
Q

What was the result of collectivisation on the revolutionary spirit of peasants?

A

Didn’t endear them towards communism, created anger and resentment towards the government

62
Q

When were 150,000 kulak families sent to Siberia?

A

1929

63
Q

How many kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1929?

A

150,000

64
Q

Why was there a population imbalance in rural areas under collectivization?

A
  1. deportations

2. famine

65
Q

How much did grain exports grow by under collectivization?

A

from 0.03 million tonnes in 1928 to over 5 million in 1931

66
Q

how did peasants rebel as a result of mass collectivisation in 1929

A

destroy grain and live stock: 18 million horses, 100 million sheep and goats were destroyed

67
Q

who were the twenty five thousanders?

A

25,000 ‘socially conscious’ industrial workers went to the countyside, hoping to revolutionise the countryside and play their part in building socialism in Russia

68
Q

what were the twenty five thousands used to do in actuallity?

A

enforce dekulakisation. they were expected to find secret grain and confiscate it, round up kulaks and organise their exile

69
Q

what were the human costs of the first wave of collectivisation?

A

majority of kulaks either shot or exiled to siberia, where tens of thousands died in labour camps

70
Q

what did Stalin claim in the 1930 pravda article ‘Dizzy with Success’?

A

some local officals were being over enthusiastic whilst implementing collectivisation. argued that the target had been met so the programme was suspended

71
Q

why were international offers of aid rejected by Stalin in 1931?

A

he claimed there was no famine

72
Q

how many were exiled in total during collectivisation?

A

9.5 to 10 million

73
Q

describe the harvest of 1933

A

it was 9 million tonnes less than in 1926

74
Q

in what way was collectivisation a success?

A

by 1941 all russian farms were collectivised

Russian History (16 decks)

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