Water

Question 1

DEFINITION : Condensation

Answer 1

Condensation can happen at the high altitudes of the atmosphere or even at ground level.
In the atmosphere, water vapor condenses into liquid water.
Clouds are formed when water vapor condenses around minuscule particles such as specks of dust, salt, or pollutants in the air.

Question 2

DEFINITION : Evaporation

Answer 2

Evaporation is the process in which water in its liquid state changes into its gaseous state.
In the water cycle, liquid water stored in the rivers, oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water evaporates, turns into water vapour, and rises into the atmosphere.

Question 3

DEFINITION : Transpiration

Answer 3

Transpiration is the transfer of water vapour from vegetation to the atmosphere. This occurs mostly via pores in leaves known as stomata. 10% of atmospheric water originates from transpiration. Wind speed, availability of water to the plant and air temperature all affect the rate of transpiration at any one time.

Question 4

DEFINITION : Percolation

Answer 4

Percolation is the downward movement of water through soil layers due to gravity and capillary forces. Percolation is an important process required to replenish aquifers that hold groundwater in the saturation zone. It is also a component of the water cycle.

Question 5

DEFINITION :Infiltration

Answer 5

Infiltration is the movement of water into the soil. The type of soil affects the rate of infiltration. Sandy soil has a higher infiltration rate than clay soil. Water is transferred through the soil as throughflow. Water moves through soil under the force of gravity towards rivers and streams.

Question 6

DEFINITION : Ground water flow

Answer 6

Ground Water Water from precipitation can flow through the soil-water belt under the force of gravity.
We call this flow percolation. Eventually, the percolating water reaches ground water. Ground water is the part of the subsurface water that fully saturates the pore spaces in bedrock, regolith, or soil

Question 7

DEFINITION : Surface Run Off

Answer 7

Water that runs on land

Question 8

What type of system is the global hydrological cycle

Answer 8

Closed Cycle - water can neither enter nor leave the system.

The sum total remains constant being stored in oceans/lakes/icecaps

Question 9

What flows are driven by the sun?

Answer 9

CET

Condensation
Evaporation
Transpiration

Question 10

What flows are driven by gravity?

Answer 10

PIGS

Percolation
Infiltration
Ground water flow
Surface RunOff

Question 11

DEFINITION : Flux

Answer 11

The measure of the rate of flow between stores

Question 12

STATISTIC : What percentage of the earths water is stored in OCEANS?

Answer 12

96.9%

Question 13

STATISTIC : What percentage of the earths water is stored in ICE CAPS/ GLACIERS?

Answer 13

1.9%

Question 14

STATISTIC : What percentage of the earths water is stored in GROUNDWATER

Answer 14

1.1%

Question 15

STATISTIC : What percentage of the earths water is stored in RIVERS?

Answer 15

0.01%

Question 16

Name the three atmospheric systems

Answer 16

Polar
Ferrell
Hadley

Question 17

What is the air pressure at the equator?

Answer 17

Low

Question 18

What is the air pressure at 30’ N/S

Answer 18

High

Question 19

What is the air pressure at 60’ N/S

Answer 19

Low

Question 20

What is the air pressure at 90’ N/S

Answer 20

High

Question 21

What two latitudes are considered deserts?

Answer 21

30’ and 90’

Question 22

Where is convectional rainfall more common?

Answer 22

0’

Question 23

Where is frontal rainfall more common?

Answer 23

60’

Question 24

Which way does air move through pressures?

Answer 24

high to low

Question 25

What creates trade winds?

Answer 25

Air flows from high to low pressure and the corilanus effects moves it towards the west

Question 26

DEFINITION : Porosity

Answer 26

Number of air pockets in a place

Question 27

DEFINITION : Permeability

Answer 27

Whether air pockets are well connected

Question 28

How does CONVECTIONAL rainfall form?

Answer 28

The sun heats the ground which heats the air above it as well as the moisture on the ground. The air rises with moisture which condenses and forms rain. Cumulonimbus clouds

Question 29

How does FRONTAL rainfall form?

Answer 29

When cold air meets warm air, the warm air rises and the cold air is forced underneath which forms forms clouds and rain. UK

Question 30

How does OROGRAPHIC rainfall form?

Answer 30

Cool wet air is forced over a mountain, it condenses and rains on one side of the mountain, leaving a rain shadow on the other side.

Question 31

What type of system in a Drainage Basin?

Answer 31

Open There are several inputs and outputs.

Question 32

What increases the capacity of the interception store?

Answer 32

Light precipitation for a short duration.

Question 33

What slows down percolation?

Answer 33

Permeable Ground Slopes at low gradients Pours poorly connected

Question 34

Physical factors that effect a drainage basin

Answer 34

PIGIVE Precipitation Infiltration Geology Interception Vegetation Evaporation

Question 35

DEFITION : Evapotranspiration

Answer 35

The combined effect of evaporation and transpiration. 100% output in arid 75% output in humid areas

Question 36

DEFINITION : Water Budgets

Answer 36

Annual balance between inputs and outputs and their impacts on soil water availability. INPUT = OUTPUT + OUTPUT +- INPUT

Question 37

- C A - - - - B = - - ===== == - E -= D = - = - -= = ------------------- = = = evapotranspiration - precipitation

Answer 37

a max precip b max evap c soil mois surplus d soil mois deficit e soil mois recharge

Question 38

DEFINITION : River Regime

Answer 38

Annual variation in river discharge

Question 39

What effects a rivers regime?

Answer 39

Humans Precipitation Evapotranspiration Geology

Question 40

How can human activity effect regimes?

Answer 40

Rural areas Urban Surfaces Dams

Question 41

DEFINITION: LAGTIME

Answer 41

Time is takes for precipitation to fall to peak flooding

Question 42

DEFINITION: PEAK DISCHARGE

Answer 42

The highest amount of discharge

Question 43

DEFINITION: Baseflow

Answer 43

Average amount of riverdischarge on a normal day

Question 44

DEFINITION: Rising Limb

Answer 44

Water discharge gradually increasing

Question 45

What does a storm hydrograph show?

Answer 45

How a rivers discharge changes over a short period of time

Question 46

Why do storm hydrographs vary?

Answer 46

S S I G C H Steepness High intensity rain Impermeability Smaller basin Low porosity Vegetation

Question 47

How is the global air circulation driven?

Answer 47

the heating of the earths surface at the equator

Question 48

What does ITCZ stand for?

Answer 48

Intertropical convergence zone

Question 49

What is the ITCZ

Answer 49

The area of low pressure from where the trade winds meet near the equator.

Question 50

Why does the ITCZ move?

Answer 50

Land heats up quicker than the ocean and theres more land in the north- different hemisphere seasons.

Question 51

How do monsoons form in the northern hemisphere

Answer 51

Dry cool air falls on the continent which is high pressure. Wind moves from high to low pressure so the wind picks up water which is condenced.