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Geography Paper 1 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What limits water available for human use?

A

The global water budget

Water stores have different residence times, with some being non-renewable, such as fossil water or cryosphere losses.

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2
Q

What do water budgets show?

A

The annual balance between inputs (precipitation) and outputs (evapotranspiration)

They impact soil and water availability and are influenced by climate type.

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3
Q

What are river regimes?

A

Indications of the annual variation of discharge of a river

Result from the impact of climate, geology, and soils.

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4
Q

Name three contrasting river basins.

A
  • Yukon
  • Amazon
  • Indus
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5
Q

What are the courses of drought?

A

Meteorological and hydrological

Includes short-term precipitation deficit, longer term trends, and ENSO cycles.

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6
Q

What impacts do droughts have on ecosystems?

A

Ecosystem functioning (wetlands, forest stress) and resilience

Droughts can significantly affect the health of ecosystems.

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7
Q

What are some meteorological causes of flooding?

A
  • Intense storms leading to flash flooding
  • Unusually heavy or prolonged rainfall
  • Extreme monsoonal rainfall
  • Snowmelt
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8
Q

How does climate change affect water stores and flows?

A

It affects the size of snow and glacier mass, reservoirs, lakes, amount of permafrost, soil moisture levels, and rates of runoff and stream flow.

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9
Q

What is a consequence of climate change on water supply?

A

Increased uncertainty in the system

This raises concerns over the security of water supplies.

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10
Q

What is the techno-fix of hard engineering schemes?

A

Includes water transfers, mega dams, and desalination plants

An example includes water transfers in China.

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11
Q

What are sustainable schemes for water restoration and conservation?

A

Smart irrigation and recycling of water

Example: Singapore’s approach to water supply.

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12
Q

What is integrated drainage basin management?

A

Management of large rivers like the Nile or Colorado and water sharing treaties

Involves frameworks like the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the Water Framework Directive.

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13
Q

What drives the global hydrological cycle?

A

Solar energy and gravitational potential energy

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14
Q

What are the main water stores in the hydrological cycle?

A
  • Oceans
  • Atmosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Cryosphere
  • Groundwater
  • Surface water
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15
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

A system of linked processes including inputs, flows, and outputs

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16
Q

What are the inputs in a drainage basin?

A

Precipitation patterns

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17
Q

What are the flows in a drainage basin?

A
  • Interception
  • Infiltration
  • Direct runoff
  • Saturated overland flow
  • Throughflow
  • Percolation
  • Groundwater flow
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18
Q

What are the outputs in a drainage basin?

A
  • Evaporation
  • Transpiration
  • Channel flow
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19
Q

What physical factors influence drainage basins?

A
  • Climate
  • Soils
  • Vegetation
  • Geology
  • Relief
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20
Q

How do humans disrupt the drainage basin cycle?

A
  • Deforestation
  • Changing land use
  • Creating new water storage reservoirs
  • Abstracting water
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21
Q

What determines the shape of storm hydrographs?

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Drainage density
  • Rock type
  • Soil
  • Relief
  • Vegetation
  • Land use
  • Urbanisation
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22
Q

What human activities increase the risk of drought?

A

Over-abstraction of surface water resources and groundwater aquifers

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23
Q

What human actions can exacerbate flood risk?

A
  • Changing land use within the river catchment
  • Mismanagement of rivers using hard engineering systems
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24
Q

What impacts does flooding have?

A
  • Environmental impacts on soils and ecosystems
  • Socio-economic impacts on economic activity, infrastructure, and settlement
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25
Fill in the blank: The contribution of human activity to drought risk includes _______.
over-abstraction of surface water resources
26
True or False: The drainage basin cycle is unaffected by human activity.
False
27
What does climate change affect within the hydrological cycle?
Trends in precipitation and evaporation ## Footnote Climate change influences both the amount and distribution of water in the hydrological cycle.
28
What is the global pattern of water stress defined as?
Below 1,700 m³ per person ## Footnote Water stress indicates a significant imbalance between water supply and demand.
29
What is the definition of water scarcity?
Below 1,000 m³ per person ## Footnote Water scarcity indicates extreme shortages in water availability.
30
What are the physical causes of water insecurity?
* Climate variability * Saltwater encroachment at coast ## Footnote These factors significantly impact water availability and quality.
31
What are the human causes of water insecurity?
* Over abstraction from rivers * Lakes and groundwater aquifers * Water contamination from agriculture * Industrial water pollution ## Footnote Human activities can exacerbate water scarcity and pollution.
32
What pressures the finite water resource?
* Rising population * Improving living standards * Industrialisation * Agriculture ## Footnote These factors contribute to increased demand for water resources.
33
What are the two types of water scarcity?
* Physical water scarcity * Economic scarcity ## Footnote These types reflect different reasons for inadequate water availability.
34
Why does the price of water vary globally?
Due to physical and economic scarcity ## Footnote Different regions experience varying levels of water availability and demand.
35
What is the importance of water supply for economic development?
* Industry * Energy supply * Agriculture ## Footnote A reliable water supply is crucial for various sectors of the economy.
36
What are the human wellbeing aspects that rely on water supply?
* Sanitation * Health * Food preparation ## Footnote Access to clean water is essential for maintaining public health.
37
What potential conflicts may arise over water resources?
Between users within a country and internationally over local and trans-boundary sources ## Footnote Examples include disputes over rivers like the Nile or Mekong.
38
What does climate change affect within the hydrological cycle?
Trends in precipitation and evaporation ## Footnote Climate change influences both the amount and distribution of water in the hydrological cycle.
39
What is the global pattern of water stress defined as?
Below 1,700 m³ per person ## Footnote Water stress indicates a significant imbalance between water supply and demand.
40
What is the definition of water scarcity?
Below 1,000 m³ per person ## Footnote Water scarcity indicates extreme shortages in water availability.
41
What are the physical causes of water insecurity?
* Climate variability * Saltwater encroachment at coast ## Footnote These factors significantly impact water availability and quality.
42
What are the human causes of water insecurity?
* Over abstraction from rivers * Lakes and groundwater aquifers * Water contamination from agriculture * Industrial water pollution ## Footnote Human activities can exacerbate water scarcity and pollution.
43
What pressures the finite water resource?
* Rising population * Improving living standards * Industrialisation * Agriculture ## Footnote These factors contribute to increased demand for water resources.
44
What are the two types of water scarcity?
* Physical water scarcity * Economic scarcity ## Footnote These types reflect different reasons for inadequate water availability.
45
Why does the price of water vary globally?
Due to physical and economic scarcity ## Footnote Different regions experience varying levels of water availability and demand.
46
What is the importance of water supply for economic development?
* Industry * Energy supply * Agriculture ## Footnote A reliable water supply is crucial for various sectors of the economy.
47
What are the human wellbeing aspects that rely on water supply?
* Sanitation * Health * Food preparation ## Footnote Access to clean water is essential for maintaining public health.
48
What potential conflicts may arise over water resources?
Between users within a country and internationally over local and trans-boundary sources ## Footnote Examples include disputes over rivers like the Nile or Mekong.
49
What is the primary focus of Lesson 15?
Management of Water Supplies ## Footnote This lesson discusses various strategies and schemes for managing water resources.
50
What are the two types of water management schemes mentioned?
Large scale water management schemes and appropriate (or intermediate) management schemes ## Footnote These schemes address different needs based on development levels.
51
What is a common issue that arises from various water management schemes?
Conflicts between users' groups ## Footnote Different stakeholders may have competing interests in water usage.
52
Name two examples of large scale water management schemes.
* Dams (e.g., GERD, Colorado) * Canals (e.g., South North Transfer) ## Footnote These projects are often found in high-income countries.
53
What is integrated river basin management?
A strategy for managing river basins, examples include the Colorado and Murray Darling Basins ## Footnote This approach considers the entire river system for sustainable management.
54
What is an example of desalinization mentioned?
Almeria ## Footnote Desalinization is the process of removing salt from seawater to provide fresh water.
55
What type of management schemes are appropriate for developing countries?
* Tube wells * Hippo rollers * Life Straws * Rainwater harvesting * Bicycle-driven pump * See-Saw Water Pump ## Footnote These methods are often smaller scale and cost-effective.
56
True or False: Large scale water management schemes are commonly found in low-income countries.
False ## Footnote These schemes are primarily seen in high-income countries.
57
Fill in the blank: The _______ Water Pump is a small-scale water management solution.
See-Saw ## Footnote This pump is designed for specific areas and is cost-effective.
58
Where are appropriate management schemes commonly found?
Africa ## Footnote Many of these schemes are tailored to local conditions and needs.
59
What is the fundamental definition of drought?
A shortfall of water over an extended period of time ## Footnote Drought is characterized not just by lack of rainfall but by various factors affecting water availability.
60
What are the types of droughts recognized?
* Meteorological Drought * Hydrological Drought * Agricultural Drought * Food Deficit Drought ## Footnote Each type of drought has distinct characteristics and impacts.
61
What characterizes Meteorological Drought?
* Low precipitation * High temperatures * Strong winds * Increased solar radiation * Reduced snow cover ## Footnote Meteorological drought is primarily related to atmospheric conditions.
62
What factors define Hydrological Drought?
* Reduced infiltration * Low soil moisture * Little percolation * Limited groundwater recharge ## Footnote Hydrological drought focuses on water availability in the ground and surface water systems.
63
What are the key characteristics of Agricultural Drought?
* Low evapotranspiration * Plant water stress * Reduced biomass * Fall in groundwater levels ## Footnote Agricultural drought directly affects crop production and soil moisture.
64
What impacts are associated with Food Deficit Drought?
* Low natural vegetation * Increased risk of wildfires * Wind-blown soil erosion * Desertification ## Footnote Food deficit drought affects food security and land degradation.
65
What is a significant factor in the physical causes of drought?
Sea surface temperature anomalies ## Footnote Research indicates that anomalies in sea surface temperatures can influence weather patterns contributing to drought.
66
What are teleconnections in the context of drought?
The development of weather phenomena that can have impacts around the globe ## Footnote Teleconnections describe how distant weather events can influence local conditions, including drought.
67
What are the short-term and long-term causes of drought?
* Short-term precipitation deficit * Longer-term trends * ENSO cycles ## Footnote These factors contribute to both immediate and prolonged drought conditions.
68
True or False: The physical causes of drought are fully understood.
False ## Footnote The complexity of drought makes it an area of ongoing research.
69
Fill in the blank: The duration and _______ of drought are increasing.
severity ## Footnote Droughts are becoming more severe, impacting water resources and ecosystems.

Geography Paper 1 (5 decks)

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