Water and Minerals

Question 1

How much does water make of body weight?

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

Which releases a signal when water in blood is too low? Too high?

Answer 2

Too low: pituitary gland.

Too high: hypothalamus

Question 3

How many cups of water do men and woman need

Answer 3

Men 13

Woman 9

Question 4

Physical activity can increase water loss to

Answer 4

2L/Hr

Question 5

Calcium

Answer 5

Most abundant in body
Bone structure and teeth 99%

Increase absorption in small intestine
Children 60%
Pregnant woman 50%
Adults 25%

Question 6

When is highest attainable bone density achieved? When do we lose it?

Answer 6

Late 20-early 30s

Lose bone mass at 40

Question 7

What is cortical and trabecular bone? When does it decrease In density?

Answer 7

Cortical- ivory like, dense, outer shell of bone. Decreases after 40

Trabecular: web-like, lattice of Ca containing crystals. Ca bank. Decreases after mid 20s.

Question 8

Phosphorus

Answer 8

Maintenance of acid base balance of cellular fluids.

Part of DNA and RNA
ATP
phospholipids

Stored in bones and teeth

Deficiency rare
Toxicity: calcification of soft tissues.

Question 9

Magnesium

Answer 9

Operation of enzymes
Effects VC and VD
Relaxes muscles.
50% in bones

Question 10

Sodium

Answer 10

Maintenance of fluid volumes outside cells.

TABLE SALT 40% WEIGHT 1g of salt has 400 mg sodium.

Toxicity: hypertension

Cut down on processed foods.

Question 11

Potassium

Answer 11

Maintenance of fluid in cells.

Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.

Dehydration causes loss. When brain cells lose potassium you don’t notice need for water

Deficiency: muscle weakness. Confusion.
Toxicity: muscle weakness. Stomach can trigger vomiting.

Question 12

Chloride

Answer 12

Helps sodium maintain fluid, electrolyte and Acid-bass balance.

HCL-stomach acid.

Question 13

Sulfate

Answer 13

Synthesis of sulfur containing compounds.

Toxicity from water

Question 14

Iodine.

Answer 14

Part of thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

Deficiency: goiter: enlarged thyroid gland.
Cretinism: most common and preventable retardation of infant

Toxicity: also goiters.

Question 15

Iron

Answer 15

Hemoglobin 
Energy metabolism 
23% heme from meat 2-20% non-heme from meat and plant. 
MFP enhances absorption of non-heme. 
Deficiency: anemia. 
Toxicity: prevented by low absorption. Intestinal cells trap and shed Fe in feces. 
Iron overload: hemochromatosis 
#1 cause of fatal accidental poisoning

Question 16

Zinc

Answer 16

Works with all proteins.

Deficiency: effects growth.

Toxicity: blocks copper and iron absorption
Pancreas secretes zinc rich digestive juices.