Water & Electrolytes

Question 1

Potassium and the kidney

Answer 1

100% PCT reabsorbance, secreted out from DCT principle cells via Na+K+ATPase

Question 2

Forgotten causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 2

Huge cell trauma - burns, chemotherapy
Renal failure
Diabetes

Question 3

Effects of hyperkalaemia

Answer 3

Depolarisation = CNS + heart dysfunction
Slow heart rate + wide QRS
Muscle cramps, weakness, diarrhoea

Question 4

Treatment hyperkalaemia

Answer 4

CaCl2 acutely for heart, 50% glucose solution (stimulates anabolic insulin), NaHCO3 for acidosis

Question 5

Forgotten causes metabolic acidosis

Answer 5

Mineralocorticoid deficiency

Diarrhoea

Question 6

Type 1 vs Type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 6

Type 1 focal

Type 2 global

Question 7

Forgotten ions higher extracellularly

Answer 7

Cl-

HCO3-

Question 8

Ascending loop of Henle

Answer 8

NaKCl2 pumps ions out

Countercurrent flow = highly conc medulla for urine concentration

Question 9

ANP hormone

Answer 9

Inhibits renin

Question 10

Normal plasma + urine osmolarity

Answer 10

Plasma: 285-295
Urine: 50-2000

Question 11

Key 4 kidney functions

Answer 11

Regulates fluid volumes
Regulates electrolytes
Deals with metabolic waste
Produces / interacts with certain hormones

Question 12

High / low sodium causes

Answer 12

High - DI, not drinking, osmotic diuretics

Low - MC deficient, SIADH, P polydipsia

Question 13

Pre renal failure

Answer 13

Hypoperfusion

• bleed, dehydrated, heart failure

Question 14

Features renal failure

Answer 14

Oedema, hyperkalaemia,vomiting, anaemia, reduced bone density

Question 15

Treatment renal failure

Answer 15

Fix hyperkalaemia
Optimise fluids
Remove nephrotoxic drugs
Dialysis if bad enough

Question 16

Risk factors renal failure

Answer 16

Diabetes, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis