Water & Minerals - Chapter 8 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Water
A
- Most indispensable of all nutrients
- Can survive only a few days without water
- Makes up 60% of adult body
weight- Arteries, veins, capillaries, cells, tissues, organs
2
Q
Functions of Water
A
- Transport vehicle for nutrients and wastes
- Universal solvent
- Body’s cleansing agent
- Lubricant/cushion for joints
- Protection for sensitive tissue
- Maintenance of body temperature
3
Q
Water Balance
A
- Lose water everyday
- Must consume at least the same amount
4
Q
Water Balance (Thirst)
A
- Pituitary gland signaled to release hormone – kidney shifts water back to bloodstream (urine output decreased)
- When blood too concentrated, or blood volume/pressure too low,
hypothalamus initiates nerve impulse to brain to trigger thirst - Lags behind lack of water
5
Q
Water Balance (Dehydration)
A
- Loss of water
- Symptoms:
- Thirst ↓
- Weakness ↓
- Exhaustion ↓
- Delirium ↓
- Can lead to death
6
Q
How much Water do we Need?
A
- DRI ≈ 80% of daily need for water
- Males: 13 cups of fluid from beverages and drinking water
- Females: 9 cups of fluid from beverages and drinking water
- Remaining water need is met from foods consumed
- Body produces water from the breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients
- Needs will vary based on many factors
7
Q
Just Water?
A
- Water content of various foods:
- 100% - water, diet soft drinks, plain tea, unflavoured seltzer
- 99-95% - sugar-free gelatin dessert, clear broth, Chinese cabbage, celery,
cucumber, lettuce, summer squash, decaf black coffee - 90-94% - Gatorade, grapefruit, fresh strawberries, broccoli, tomatoes
- 80-89% - soft drinks, milk, yogurt, egg white, fruit juice, low-fat cottage cheese, carrot, fresh apple
8
Q
Types of Water
A
- Hard Water
- Soft Water
9
Q
Hard Water
A
- High concentrations of Ca and Mg
- May protect against hypertension and heart disease
10
Q
Soft Water
A
- Principal mineral is Na
- May aggravate hypertension and heart disease
- May more easily dissolve certain contaminants
11
Q
What types of contaminants can water contain due to its properties as a universal solvent?
A
Bacteria, viruses, toxic pollutants, heavy metals, organic chemicals (e.g., pesticides), and spills.
12
Q
How do public water systems in Canada address water contaminants?
A
They remove some hazards, typically using chlorine.
13
Q
What is a boil-water advisory and when is it issued?
A
Issued by local public health units when water is contaminated with disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites, or when it becomes cloudy at the source.
14
Q
What are the main types of water available in Canada?
A
- Tap water:
- Municipal water held to minimum purity standards.
- Home purifying tap water:
- Removes contaminants like lead and chlorine but does not eliminate microorganisms resistant to chlorine.
- Bottled water:
- Federally regulated, but mineral content can vary and may be subject to provincial or territorial regulations.
15
Q
What has been the history of water quality and access between the Canadian government and Indigenous communities?
A
There has been a long and harmful history related to water quality and access.
16
Q
How long have drinking water advisories lasted in some Indigenous communities?
A
Many communities have faced drinking water advisories lasting over 1 year.
17
Q
What is an example of a community with a long-term drinking water advisory?
A
Neskantaga First Nation in Ontario has been under a boil-water advisory since February 1995.
18
Q
What has the Canadian federal government promised regarding water quality in Indigenous communities?
A
The federal government has made many promises to end long-term drinking water advisories on public systems and reserves.
19
Q
Where is most of the body’s water located?
A
Most of the body’s water is inside the cells, with some on the outside, and the remainder fills blood vessels.
20
Q
What role do major minerals play in the body?
A
Major minerals form salts, and water follows salt.
21
Q
How do cells manage salts?
A
Cells move salts across their membranes to prevent collapse or swelling
22
Q
What are electrolytes?
A
Electrolytes are compounds that partly dissociate in water to form ions (electrically charged particles).
23
Q
What happens when electrolytes are present in unequal concentrations on either side of a permeable membrane?
A
Water flows to the side with the more concentrated electrolytes.
24
Q
What is fluid and electrolyte balance?
A
It is the proper amount and kind of fluid in body compartments, controlled by the movement of electrolytes.
25
How does the body control the flow of water?
The body uses energy to move electrolytes across compartments using transport proteins in cell membranes, which act as pumps (e.g., Na outside, K inside).
26
What can cause an imbalance in fluid and electrolyte balance?
Conditions like vomiting, diarrhea, or severe illness.
27
Why is electrolyte imbalance a medical emergency?
Severe imbalance can develop quickly, leading to serious illness and can be fatal, especially in eating disorders.
28
What are the 7 Major Minerals?
1. Calcium (Ca)
2. Phosphorus (P)
3. Potassium (K)
4. Sulfur (S)
5. Sodium (Na)
6. Chloride (Cl)
7. Magnesium (Mg)
29
What are the Trace Minerals?
1. Iodine (I)
2. Iron (Fe)
3. Zinc (Zn)
4. Copper (Cu)
5. Selenium (Se)
6. Fluoride (F)
7. Chromium (Cr)
8. Manganese (Mn)
9. Molybdenum (Mo)
30
Electrolytes (Functions of Minerals)
- Na, K, Cl
- Maintain water balance in cells and blood
- Na & K:
- Used in muscle contractions and nerve transmission
31
Body Structure (Functions of Minerals)
- Ca, P, Mg, F, Zn
- Bones and teeth
32
Structure of DNA, RNA phospholipids, and ATP (Functions of Minerals)
- P
- Energy Molecule
33
Protein Structure (Functions of Minerals)
- Fe, Zn, Ca, Se, I
- The protein and the element are bound to make a specific shape and thus
function, e.g., Fe and hemoglobin, I and thyroid hormone
34
Cell Signaling & Communication (Functions of Minerals)
- Ca, Na
- Ca moves across cells as a messenger, stimulating proteins and cell activity
35
Antioxidant Defense (Functions of Minerals)
- Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, S
- Components of defense enzymes
36
What percentage of calcium is found in fluids inside and around cells?
1% of calcium is found in fluids in and around cells.
37
What are the main functions of calcium in the body?
- Transport of ions over cell membranes
- Nerve transmission
- Maintenance of normal blood pressure
- Muscle contraction (including heartbeat)
- Blood clotting
- Secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters
- Activation of cellular enzymes
38
Where is 99% of calcium stored in the body?
99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth.
39
What is the role of calcium in bones and teeth?
Calcium is an integral part of bone structure and serves as a storehouse for calcium, which can be released when needed.
40
What are the recommended daily intake values for calcium?
- DRI: 1,000 mg/day
- TUL: 2,500 mg/day
- Recommendations for children and adolescents are higher for peak bone mass.
41
What are some food sources of calcium?
- Milk products
- Some leafy green vegetables
- Calcium-set tofu
- Canned sardines/salmon (with bones)
42
Does calcium absorption vary by food source?
Yes, calcium absorption varies from different foods.
43
What does the body prioritize when regulating calcium?
The body prioritizes maintaining blood calcium concentration over calcium stores in bones.
44
What happens when blood calcium concentration decreases?
- The body adapts by:
- Mobilizing calcium from bones
- Increasing absorption of calcium by the small intestine
- Preventing calcium loss from the kidneys
45
How much calcium is absorbed by children from their diet?
Children absorb 60% of ingested calcium.
46
How much calcium is absorbed by pregnant individuals?
Pregnant individuals absorb 50% of ingested calcium.
47
When is peak bone mass typically attained?
Peak bone mass is typically reached by the late 20s to early 30s.
48
How much calcium is absorbed by healthy adults?
Healthy adults absorb 25% of ingested calcium.
49
What happens to bone mass after age 40?
After age 40, bone mass begins to decrease, but the loss can be minimized.
50
Why is sufficient calcium intake important in children and adolescents?
Sufficient calcium intake is important to help build peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence.
51
What is a result of calcium deficiency?
Calcium deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, which causes weak, brittle bones and increased risk of fractures.
52
Importance of Peak Bone Mass
Even though Adult A and B lost bone mass at the same rate, because Adult A had a higher peak bone mass, she
did not enter the bone mass danger zone by age 70. Adult B had a lower peak bone mass and had osteoporosis
by age 60.
53
What are the main functions of phosphorus in the body?
- Maintenance of acid-base balance of cellular fluids
- Part of DNA and RNA for tissue growth and renewal
- Metabolism of energy-containing nutrients
- Helps enzymes and vitamins extract energy from nutrients
- Structural part of phospholipids
- Present in some proteins
54
What are the recommended daily intake values for phosphorus?
- DRI: 700 mg/day
- TUL: 4,000 mg/day
55
Where is most of the phosphorus stored in the body?
Most of the phosphorus is stored in the bones and teeth.
56
What are symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?
Phosphorus deficiency (very rare) can cause muscular weakness and bone pain.
57
What is a potential toxicity of phosphorus?
Phosphorus toxicity can lead to calcification of soft tissues, particularly in the kidneys.
58
What are some food sources of phosphorus?
- Milk products
- Canned salmon
- Lean beef
59
What are the main functions of magnesium in the body?
- Assists with enzyme operation
- Release and use of energy from nutrients
- Affects metabolism of potassium, calcium, and vitamin D
- Forms part of protein-making machinery
- Affects muscle function (Ca: contraction, Mg: relaxation)
- Promotes resistance to tooth decay
60
Where is most magnesium stored in the body?
Over 50% of magnesium is stored in the bones.
61
What are the recommendations for magnesium intake?
- DRI:
- Males: 400 mg/day
- Females: 310 mg/day
- TUL: 350 mg/day (for supplements or drugs, not food magnesium)
62
What happens when magnesium intake is low?
- Magnesium is released from bones to maintain blood levels.
- Kidneys conserve magnesium (reduce excretion)
63
What are symptoms of magnesium deficiency?
- Weakness and confusion
- Extreme: uncontrollable muscle contractions (heart), hallucinations, swallowing difficulties, growth failure
64
What are symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
Magnesium toxicity is rare (only from non-food sources) but can cause diarrhea, dehydration, and pH imbalance.
65
What are some food sources of magnesium?
- Legumes
- Cooked spinach
- Bran cereals
- Oysters
- Yogurt
- Wheat bran
66
Why are unprocessed foods better sources of magnesium?
Magnesium can be easily washed or peeled away from processed foods. Unprocessed foods retain more magnesium.
67
What are the main functions of sodium in the body?
- Maintains fluid volume outside cells
- Helps maintain acid-base balance
- Essential for muscle contractions
- Essential for nerve transmission
68
What is sodium a part of?
Sodium is part of table salt (NaCl), where it makes up 40% of the weight. 1g of salt contains 400mg of sodium.
69
What are the recommendations for sodium intake?
- DRI: 1,500 mg/day
- TUL: 2,300 mg/day (equivalent to 5.6g of salt)
70
What are symptoms of sodium deficiency?
Sodium deficiency is very rare but can cause muscle cramps, mental apathy, and loss of appetite.
71
What are the effects of sodium toxicity?
Sodium toxicity can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure).
72
How does excess sodium affect the body?
- Increases calcium excretion
- Can stress a weakened heart
- Can aggravate kidney problems
- May increase the risk of stomach cancer in people of Asian descent
73
What happens when high-sodium foods are consumed?
- Thirst prompts water consumption to restore the sodium-water ratio.
- Kidneys filter out excess sodium in the urine.
74
What is the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP)?
Population studies show a direct correlation: as sodium intake increases, average BP also increases.
75
How does increased blood pressure affect health?
As blood pressure increases, the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) also increases.
76
How much sodium is in 1 teaspoon of salt?
Almost 2,400 mg of sodium.
77
What types of foods should be avoided to reduce sodium intake?
Processed and fast foods, as they tend to be high in sodium. Unprocessed foods are generally lower in sodium and higher in potassium.
78
What is an important tip for managing sodium intake related to condiments?
Be mindful of the sodium content in condiments.
79
What labeling regulation will help Canadians identify high-sodium foods?
Starting January 1, 2026, Health Canada will require a mandatory front-of-package label for foods high in sodium (≥15% of the daily value per serving).
80
What are the main functions of potassium in the body?
- Maintains fluid volume inside cells
- Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
- Maintains cell integrity
- Critical for maintaining a normal heartbeat
81
What can cause potassium loss in the body?
- Dehydration
- Diuretics
- Severe diarrhea
- Conditions like fasting, eating disorders, and kwashiorkor
82
What are the recommendations for potassium intake?
- DRI: 4,700 mg/day
- Typical Canadian diet only meets about half the potassium requirement due to low fruit and vegetable consumption.
83
What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency?
- Muscle weakness
- Paralysis
- Confusion
- Heart failure
84
What are the health risks of low potassium intake?
- Worsens hypertension
- Impaired glucose tolerance
- Increased metabolic acidity
- Accelerates calcium loss from bones
- Increases the risk of kidney stone formation
85
What are the risks of potassium toxicity?
- Muscle weakness
- Vomiting
- Extreme cases: large doses can stop the heart
- Potassium chloride pills should only be taken under a doctor's supervision.
86
What are the best food sources of potassium?
Fresh, whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
87
What are the main functions of chloride in the body?
- Helps sodium maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
- Part of hydrochloric acid, which is essential for stomach acidity and protein digestion
88
What are the primary dietary sources of chloride?
- Added and naturally occurring salt (sodium chloride)
- No known diet lacks chloride
89
What are the recommendations for chloride intake?
- DRI: 2,300 mg/day
- TUL: 3,600 mg/day
90
What is the primary function of sulfate in the body?
Supports the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds, such as amino acids that form proteins in skin, hair, and nails.
91
re there any recommendations or common deficiencies for sulfate intake?
- No recommended intake.
- Deficiency is not seen.
92
What are the risks of sulfate toxicity?
Toxicity, often from drinking water, can cause diarrhea or damage to the colon.
93
What is the main function of iodine in the body?
Iodine is part of thyroxine, the thyroid hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate (BMR).
94
What are the recommendations for iodine intake?
- Recommended intake: 150 μg/day
- Tolerable Upper Limit (TUL): 1,100 μg/day
95
What are common dietary sources of iodine?
- Seafood
- Foods grown in iodine-rich soil
- Additives: iodized salt, milk (from disinfected equipment), and baked goods (iodine-containing dough conditioners)
96
What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?
- Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
- Sluggishness
- Weight gain
- During pregnancy: can cause cretinism in infants and mental impairment
97
What are the risks of iodine toxicity?
- Can also enlarge the thyroid gland
- Poisonous in large amounts
98
What are the main functions of iron in the body?
- Part of hemoglobin (in red blood cells) and myoglobin (in muscle), which are oxygen-carrying proteins.
- Needed for energy metabolism.
99
What are the recommended daily intakes for iron?
- Males: 8 mg/day
- Females: 18 mg/day
- Pregnancy: 27 mg/day
- Vegetarians: 1.8x the DRI due to lower bioavailability.
- Tolerable Upper Limit (TUL): 45 mg/day
100
What are symptoms and causes of iron deficiency anemia?
- Symptoms:
- Physical:
- Weakness, headaches, pallor, intolerance to cold, pica.
- Mental:
- Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, reduced cognitive performance.
- Causes:
- Malnutrition
- Parasitic infections
- Daily blood loss (e.g., ulcers, menstruation)
- Small losses from nails, hair, and shed skin.
101
Who is at higher risk for iron deficiency?
- Infants over 6 months
- Young children
- Adolescents
- Menstruating individuals
- Pregnant individuals
102
What are the risks and symptoms of iron toxicity?
- Protected by low absorption and intestinal cells trapping excess iron.
- Iron overload (e.g., hemochromatosis): fatigue, mental depression, abdominal pain, tissue damage, liver failure.
- Acute poisoning: Leading cause of fatal accidental poisoning in children under 6 years.
103
What are the main food sources of dietary iron?
- Meat, eggs, and legumes.
- Fortified cereals, breads, pastas, and soy products.
- Fruits and vegetables: broccoli, peas, dried fruits (apricots, prunes, raisins).
104
What is a non-food source of dietary iron?
Cooking with cast-iron pans.
105
How much heme iron can the body absorb, and from which sources is it found?
About 23% of heme iron is absorbed, found in meat, poultry, and fish.
106
What enhances the absorption of non-heme iron?
- MFP (meat, fish, poultry) factor.
- Vitamin C
107
What decreases the absorption of non-heme iron?
- Tannins (e.g., tea and coffee).
- Calcium and phosphorus (e.g., milk).
- Phytates and fiber (e.g., whole grains).
108
What percentage of non-heme iron can be absorbed, and from which sources does it come?
2-20%, depending on iron stores and dietary factors, found in both animal and plant foods.
109
When and where was the Lucky Iron Fish project developed?
Developed in 2008 in Cambodia through a doctoral research project at Carleton University in Ottawa.
110
What is the Lucky Iron Fish, and what does it symbolize and How is it used?
- A fish-shaped cast-iron ingot, symbolizing luck in Cambodia.
- Add the fish into boiling water or soup to increase iron intake.
111
What are the functions of Zinc in the body?
- Works with every protein in the body
- Helps enzymes make parts of the cells' genetic materials
- Helps make heme in hemoglobin
- Assists the pancreas with digestive functions
- Metabolizes CHO, PRO, and fat
- Releases vitamin A from storage in the liver
112
How does Zinc affect gene expression and body functions?
- Regulates protein gene expression
- Affects behavior and learning
- Assists in immune function
- Essential for wound healing, sperm production, taste perception, and fetal development
- Needed to produce active form of vitamin A in visual pigments
113
What are the recommended Zinc intakes?
- Males: 11 mg/d
- Females: 8 mg/d
114
What are good food sources of Zinc?
- Meats, shellfish, poultry, milk products
- Plant sources: legumes and whole grains (though not absorbed as well)
115
What are the consequences of Zinc deficiency?
- Affects digestion, causing diarrhea
- Impairs immune function
Even mild deficiency causes growth issues and imbalances
116
What are the symptoms of Zinc toxicity?
- Loss of appetite
- Impaired immunity
- Death
- Blocks copper and iron absorption
- Pancreas secretes zinc-rich digestive juices
117
What is the major role of Selenium in the body?
Protects vulnerable body chemicals against oxidative destruction
118
What are the functions of Selenium?
- Prevents formation of free radicals and oxidative harm to cells and tissues
- Activates thyroid hormone
119
What are the potential consequences of Selenium deficiency?
- Rare, but may correlate with an increased risk of certain cancers (e.g., prostate)
- Linked to types of heart disease
120
Where can Selenium be found in the diet?
Widely distributed in meats, shellfish, vegetables, and grains grown in selenium-rich soils
121
Is fluoride essential to life?
Not essential to life, but important for dental health
122
What are the functions of fluoride?
- Inhibits dental caries during the development of teeth
- Prevents dental caries in erupted teeth
123
What is the primary source of fluoride?
- Potable tap water
- Just under 40% of Canadians have access to fluoridated tap water
124
What happens if there is too much fluoride?
- May cause fluorosis
- Usually due to widespread use of fluoridated products (e.g., toothpaste, mouthwash, fluoride-containing supplements)
125
What is the function of chromium?
Helps regulate blood glucose
126
What can chromium deficiency cause?
- Diabetes-like condition with elevated blood glucose
- Impaired glucose tolerance, insulin response, and glucagon response
127
What are the claims about chromium supplements?
Supplements will not build extra muscle, melt body fat, or lower blood cholesterol
128
How much chromium is safe to consume?
Amounts up to 200 μg are safe
129
What foods are good sources of chromium?
- Widely available in unrefined foods like whole grains
- 90% of adults consume less than the recommended intake of 50 μg/d
130
What are the functions of copper?
- Helps form hemoglobin and collagen
- Assists enzymes with oxygen-handling ability
- Assists in reactions leading to the release of energy
131
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
- Disturbed growth and metabolism in infants and children
- Impaired immunity and blood flow through arteries in adults
132
What is the tolerable upper intake level (TUL) for copper?
10,000 μg/d
133
What are the food sources of copper?
Protein foods such as organ meats, seafood, nuts, and seeds
134
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Definition)
- A reduction in bone mass of older adults
- Bones become porous and fragile
- Although fractures often develop later in life,
osteoporosis silently develops earlier
135
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Types of bone)
- Cortical bone:
- Ivory-like, dense, forms outer shell of bone and shaft of long bone
- Trabecular bone:
- Web-like, lattice of calcium containing crystals, serves as Ca bank
136
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Losses of bone)
- Trabecular:
- Begins in mid 20’s (Fig. C8-1)
- Cortical:
- Begins ~ 40 years old
137
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (As bone density declines)
- Vertebrae may disintegrate and crush down or compress into wedges, causing “dowager’s hump” and
loss of height
- Increased fracture risk, especially at wrists or hips
- Teeth loosen or fall out
138
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Diagnosis)
- X-ray (DEXA) or ultrasound (bone scan)
- All females and males with family history should have bone density scan after age 50
139
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Treatments)
- Estrogen therapy – but may ↑ risk heart disease and breast cancer
- Some medications (e.g., Fosamax)
140
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Prevention)
- Both diet and physical activity important (Especially weight bearing exercise)
- Choose calcium rich foods and beverages throughout lifespan
141
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Society of Canada Facts)
- Over 2.3 million Canadians 40 years or older live with diagnosed osteoporosis
- 80% are female
- Over 80% of all bone fractures in those 50+ are caused by osteoporosis
- Total economic burden of osteoporosis estimated at $4.6 billion
142
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Calcium Supplements)
- 3 chemical forms:
- Calcium compounds (well absorbed): Ca carbonate,
citrate, gluconate, hydroxylate, malate, lactate, phosphate, AA chelates
- Mixtures of Ca with other compounds (not absorbed well): Ca carbonate mixed with Mg carbonate, with aluminum salts (e.g., antacids), or with vitamin D
- Powdered Ca-rich materials (not absorbed well): bone meal, powdered bone, oyster shell, dolomite
143
Controversy 8: Osteoporosis (Calcium Supplements 2)
- Amount of Ca varies
- Ca carbonate is 40% Ca; Ca glutamate 9%
- Absorbability:
- Vinegar test: should dissolve w/in 30 min.
- Take lower dose 2-3 times/day vs. 1 large dose
(OSC: max 500mg at one time)
144
What mineral is of concern in this case study? (Mineral Case Study 1)
- Magnesium
- Excessive use of antacids can lead to magnesium toxicity, which causes symptoms like diarrhea and nausea.
145
What are the further health risks related to excessive magnesium intake? (Mineral Case Study 1)
- Dehydration
- Kidney issues
- Heart problems (e.g., arrhythmias due to high magnesium levels)
- Toxicity (can lead to diarrhea, dehydration, pH imbalance, and possible heart issues)
146
Which mineral is of concern in this case study? (Mineral Case Study 2)
- Iron
- The patient may have iron deficiency due to a lactovegetarian diet without meat, poultry, or fish.
147
What condition does the patient likely have? (Mineral Case Study 2)
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- The symptoms (fatigue, weakness, irritability, feeling cold, pale skin) are indicative of anemia, a condition caused by insufficient iron, which is essential for red blood cell production.
148
What dietary changes would you suggest to improve her symptoms? (Mineral Case Study 2)
1. Increase iron-rich foods
2. Improve iron absorption
3. Consider iron supplementation
149
Increase iron-rich foods (Mineral Case Study 2)
- Leafy green vegetables (e.g., spinach, kale)
- Legumes (e.g., lentils, chickpeas)
- Fortified cereals
- Tofu
- Nuts and seeds
150
Improve iron absorption (Mineral Case Study 2)
Consuming vitamin C-rich foods (e.g., citrus fruits, bell peppers) with iron-rich foods to enhance absorption.
151
Consider iron supplementation (Mineral Case Study 2)
if dietary intake is insufficient or if symptoms persist.
