Water On The Land Knowledge

Question 1

Describe three features of the middle course

Answer 1

Medium sized valley
Lateral erosion
Transports its load

Question 2

Describe two features of the lower course

Answer 2

Large valley

Flood plain

Question 3

Describe hydraulic action

Answer 3

Sheer force of the water

Question 4

Describe abrasion

Answer 4

Rivers load brushing on river bed and sides

Question 5

Describe attrition

Answer 5

The load brushing against each other

Question 6

Describe solution (erosion)

Answer 6

Water dissolving particles of the river and its load

Question 7

Describe traction

Answer 7

Large boulders on river bed

Question 8

Describe saltation

Answer 8

Pebbles bouncing along the river bed

Question 9

Describe suspension

Answer 9

Small particles of mud in water

Question 10

Describe solution

Answer 10

Minerals being dissolved in the water

Question 11

Describe four features of the upper course

Answer 11

Small valley
Vertical erosion
Lots of energy
Erodes down

Question 12

Describe the formation of a water fall (four marks)

Answer 12

Water runs over a strand of more resistant rock that is on top of a less resistant strand of rock. The less resistant rock erodes and forms an overhang. The overhang eventually becomes to big and collapses under its own weight. This process occurs repetitively

Question 13

What occurs on the outside of a meander

Answer 13

River cliffs
Lateral erosion
Fast flowing

Question 14

Why are meanders formed

Answer 14

Because the river wants to get the easiest route from A to B

Question 15

Describe the inside of a meander

Answer 15

Slower current
Deposition occurs
Slip off slopes

Question 16

What occurs at the outside of a meander

Answer 16

Current is faster
Erosion occurs
River banks form

Question 17

Describe the formation of an ox bow lake

Answer 17

Starts with a tight meander
This becomes tighter (swan neck meander)
A straight channel is formed
Deposition occurs at the edges of where the old channel was isolating it

Question 18

What happens to the water after it breaks the rivers banks, and what does this lead to

Answer 18

It slows down and it leads to deposition

Question 19

Does a levee take many or few floods to form

Answer 19

Many

Question 20

What does lag time mean

Answer 20

The difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

Question 21

The shorter the ….. And the longer the …. The greater the…. Will be

Answer 21

Lag time
Rising limb
Chance of flooding

Question 22

Name all five factors effecting discharge

Answer 22

Impermeable surfaces 
Temperature 
Precipitation 
Relief 
Previous weather conditions

Question 23

How do dams work to prevent floods

Answer 23

They allow human control over the discharge of a river by ta-ra point and releasing water

Question 24

Describe the positives of dams

Answer 24

Effective
Can be a tourist attraction
Can be used to produce HEP

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of dams and resevoirs

Answer 25

Extremely expensive | Traps sediment

Question 26

River straightening works by...

Answer 26

Increases the speed of the water

Question 27

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of river straightening

Answer 27

Water moves out of the area more quickly reducing the likelihood of a flood however this leads to increase in flooding down stream

Question 28

Dredging and forming artificial levees work by increasing the rivers capacity but what are their advantages and disadvantages

Answer 28

Cheap Works well Has to be Redon annually Block nice views

Question 29

Warnings are methods of soft engineering describe a positive and a negative

Answer 29

Doesn't prevent the flood | Allows people to prepare

Question 30

State three soft engineering strategies

Answer 30

Warnings Sand bags Flood plain zoning Doing nothing

Question 31

Areas of surplus = ?

Answer 31

An area with more than enough water

Question 32

An area with less than enough water is called...

Answer 32

An area of deficit

Question 33

When an area has not enough water it is undergoing

Answer 33

Water stress

Question 34

What is meant by the term hydrological cycle

Answer 34

The cycling of water through the sea land and atmosphere

Question 35

What is meant by interception (WOTL)

Answer 35

Where vegetation catches precipitation

Question 36

What is meant by transpiration

Answer 36

Plants give off water vapour via the pores in their leaves

Question 37

Corrosion is another word for the term

Answer 37

Abrasion

Question 38

Once material is eroded it is...

Answer 38

Transported

Question 39

What are the processes of transportation

Answer 39

Traction Saltation Suspension Solution

Question 40

What is traction

Answer 40

Large boulders roll along the river bed

Question 41

What is saltation

Answer 41

Smaller pebbles bounced along the river bed

Question 42

What is Suspension

Answer 42

Small particles being carried along the flow

Question 43

What is abrasion

Answer 43

Silt and pebbles rubbing against the river bank

Question 44

What is attrition

Answer 44

The rivers load rubbing against itself

Question 45

What is hydraulic action

Answer 45

The sheer force of the water

Question 46

Where would a meander be found

Answer 46

The middle course (prehaps the lower)

Question 47

The cross section of a meander is

Answer 47

Asymmetrical

Question 48

Describe a flood plain

Answer 48

Wide and flat

Question 49

What forms a flood plain

Answer 49

Erosion and deposition

Question 50

What river conditions forms a levee

Answer 50

Slow flowing but with common floods