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Water Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

1 SG of water is equivalent to?

A

4 degrees Celsius

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2
Q

As it gets warmer, what happens to water?

A

Water expands and becomes less dense

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3
Q

If the temperature is near freezing, what happens to water?

A

It is most dense

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4
Q

1 liter of distilled water is equal to how many kg?

A

1 kg

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5
Q

1 liter of sea water is equal to how many kg?

A

1.025 kg

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6
Q

1 liter of milk is equal to how many kg?

A

1.03 kg

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7
Q

1 liter of petroleum is equal to how many kg?

A

0.79

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8
Q

This type of water is safe to drink, pleasant to taste and usable for domestic purposes

A

Potable water

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9
Q

This water is esthetically pleasing, it considers the presence of chemicals that do not cause a threat to human health

A

Palatable water

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10
Q

This water contain unwanted physical, chemical, biological or radiological substances; it is unfit for drinking or domestic use

A

Contaminated (Polluted) Water

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11
Q

This water is contaminated with pathogenic organism

A

Infected water

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12
Q

Taal Lake’s dissolved oxygen (DO)

A

Surface : 0.33 ppm
Bottom: 0.66 ppm

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13
Q

Normal DO level

A

5 - 6 ppm

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14
Q

This is the cloudiness of water and the measure of ability of light to pass through water

A

Turbidity

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15
Q

This tool measures turbidity and expresses it as NTU or TU

A

nephelometric turbidimeter

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16
Q

Turbidity visible to average person

A

5 NTU

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17
Q

Turbidity in muddy water

A

100 NTU

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18
Q

This occurs as water penetrates through the soil rendering low turbidity in the groundwater

A

Natural filtration

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19
Q

A TU is equivalent to how many mg/L of silica in suspension?

A

1 mg/L

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20
Q

It contains alternating black and white quadrants attached to line; it measures water clarity

A

Secchi disk, Secchi depth

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21
Q

It is the entire water sample color and consists of both dissolved and suspended components color

A

Apparent color

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22
Q

It is measured after filtering the water sample to remove all suspended material

A

True color

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23
Q

This type of solid are retained on the top of the filter

A

Suspended solids

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24
Q

This type of solid passes through the filter with the water

A

Dissolved solids

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25
Total Solid (TS) = ?
Total dissolved solid (TDS) + Total suspended solid (TSS)
26
A filtered portion of water sample placed in small dish and evaporated
Residue, or Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
27
Amount of TDS per litter in freshwater
<1500 mg/L TDS
28
Amount of TDS per litter in brackish water
1500 - 5000 mg/L TDS
29
Amount of TDS per litter in saline water
> 5000 mg/L TDS
30
Conductivity of drinking water
0.005 - 0.05 S/m
31
Conductivity of seawater
5 S/m
32
Acidic water contains what?
Extra hydrogen ions (H+)
33
Basic water contains what?
Extra hydroxyl (OH-) ions
34
PH of pure water
Neutral, 7.0 pH at 25 degrees Celsius
35
pH of normal rainfall
5.6 due to atmospheric CO2 gas
36
Safe pH for drinking water
6.5 - 8.5
37
A high pH makes the water taste? And the amount of oxygen?
Bitter = Increased oxygen
38
What abnormal pH can lead to fish death?
Below 4 or above 10; very few can survive pH below 3
39
These heavy metals dissolve more easily in lower pH
Cadmium, Lead, Chromium
40
This causes acidity in water
CO2, Mineral acids, and Hydrolyzed salts (Ferric and Aluminum sulfates)
41
How does CO2 cause acidity?
Once dissolved into the water, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)
42
What causes alkalinity of water?
Presence of hydroxide ions (OH-), bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and carbonate ions (CO32-)
43
How is alkalinity determined?
Titration with standard acid sol’n (H2SO4 - 0.02N) with selective indicators (methyl orange or phenolphthalein)
44
They are used to neutralize acidity in bottom soil and water to increase total alkalinity of water
Liming materials: Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
45
It occurs naturally in groundwater, streams, and lakes, but high concentrations (250 mg/L or more) may indicate pollution
Chloride
46
These are detected by taste once it reaches 1000 mg/L
Magnesium or Calcium chloride
47
How to measure chloride concentration
Titration by silver nitrate
48
Amount of chlorine residual in water ?
0.2 mg/L is optimal
49
Chlorine can react with organics in water and form toxic compounds called ?`
Trihalomethanes (THMs) - carcinogen (chloroform or CHCl3)
50
Chlorine residual is measured by
Color comparator test kit or Spectrophotometer
51
This causes high concentration of sulfate in natural water
Leaching of natural deposits of sodium sulfate (Glauber’s salt) or magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)
52
Fish kills are caused by
Effect of acid sulfate soils
53
Water contaminated with sewage is in forms of?
Organic and Ammonia Nitrogen
54
Nitrogen in sewers are then transformed by microbes into
Nitrites and Nitrates
55
This causes overstimulation of growth of aquatic plants and algae
Excess nitrogen
56
A basic nutrient to growth of plants and a growth-limiting nutrient factor
Nitrate form of nitrogen
57
Nitrate ions react with blood hemoglobin and reduce the blood’s ability to hold oxygen which leads to what disease?
Methemoglobinemia or Blue baby syndrome
58
Excessive amounts of fluoride causes
Dental fluorosis or Discolored teeth
59
Maximum allowable concentration of fluoride in warmer climates
1.4 mg/L
60
Maximum allowable concentration of fluoride in colder climates
2.4 mg/L
61
Iron and Manganese occur in groundwater solution as
Ferrous (Fe2+) and Manganous (Mn2+) ions
62
Once Fe2+ and Mn2+ are exposed to air, they form this insoluble forms that causes turbid water
Ferric (Fe3+) and Manganic (Mn3+) forms
63
They measure iron and manganese concentrations
Atomic absorption spectrometry Flame atomic absorption spectrometry Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
64
At high zinc concentrations, it causes
Milky appearance to water
65
A term used to express properties of highly mineralized waters
Hardness
66
They cause the greatest portion of hardness in naturally occurring waters
Calcium and Magnesium
67
A type of hardness due to carbonates and bicarbonates, can be removed by boiling
Temporary hardness
68
A type of hardness remaining after boiling, caused by sulfates and chlorides
Permanent hardness
69
Hardness up to ____ is safe but more can cause a laxative effect
500 mg/L
70
They determine hardness
Titration with ethylene diamine tetra acidic acid (EDTA_ and Eriochrome Black and Blue indicators
71
The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO)
The better the water quality
72
Quick and inexpensive method for measuring DO concentrations
Colorimetric method
73
The traditional method for measuring DO
Winkler titration method
74
A measure of the power of sewage
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
75
A parameter that measures all organics
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
76
COD uses these strong oxidizing chemicals and result is available in just 2 hours
Potassium dichromate, Sulfuric acid, and Heat
77
How to increase Dissolved Oxygen
Paddle Wheel Aerator (Waves, Current)
78
Phytoplanktons during day
Produces O2
79
Phytoplanktons at night
Consumes O2
80
It causes oxygen deprivation by binding the hemoglobin sites and prevent RBC from carrying oxygen
Cyanide
81
Biologists survey fish and insect life of natural waters and assess water quality by ?
computed Species Diversity Index (SDI)
82
Bacteria can reproduce rapidly up ___ after just 1 day
20 million cells per milliliter
83
Optimal temperature of bacteria
35 degrees Celsius
84
Aquatic protozoa floating freely in water
Zooplankton
85
A very important biological indicator of water and pollution
Coliforms
86
A particular species of coliform found in domestic sewage
Escherichia coli or E coli
87
In 100 mL volume of untreated sewage, there are
3 million of E coli bacteria
88
It is used for testing coliforms
Membrane Filter Method
89
Coliforms per 100 mL ?
Number of colonies x 100/mL of sample
90

Aquaculture (6 decks)

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