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APEGS > Water PDF chapters 3 and 9 (hydrosphere) > Flashcards

Water PDF chapters 3 and 9 (hydrosphere) Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

water resources planning act

A

provided for plans to formulate and evaluate water and related land resource projects and to maintain a continuing assessment of the adequacy of water supplies in the united states

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2
Q

coastal zone management act

A

provided funds for state planning and management of coastal areas

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3
Q

water resources development act

A

established and maintains dam safety programs

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4
Q

national estuary program

A

designed to identify nationally significant estuaries and to restore and protect them

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5
Q

ramsar convention

A

international treaty designed to address global concerns regarding wetland loss and degradation (aka convention on wetlands of international importance)

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6
Q

san joaquin valley

A

groundwater related subsidence related to groundwater extraction
entire valley sinking 30 ft

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7
Q

mexico city

A

almost entirely dependent on exploiting groundwater for its needs
water table dropping 6ft per year
tragedy of commons

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8
Q

aswan high dam egypt

A

built to supply irrigation water

evaporation and seepage losses in unlined canals

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9
Q

bangladesh

A

wells dug to supply freshwater to pop
arsenic from soil began to leech into groundwater
arsenic poisoning

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10
Q

colorado river basin

A

dams trap large quantities of silt
reduce nutrient levels in farmlands below dam
salt buildup in soil (salinization)

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11
Q

james bay canada

A

diversion of rivers into hudson bay to generate electrical power has resulted in massive flooding
mercury leeched out of rocks and into water
mercury poisoning

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12
Q

ogallala aquifer

A

used to hold more freshwater than all freshwater lakes rivers streams on earth
now water shortages due to pumping

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13
Q

three gorges dam, china

A

required relocation of 1.2 mil ppl

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14
Q

use of freshwater is growing ____ as pop

A

twice

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15
Q

where are most lakes

A

n hemisphere

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16
Q

all lakes are

A

temporary

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17
Q

changes in lake levels are controlled by

A

differences between input and output compared to total volume

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18
Q

littoral zone

A

sloped area of a lake close to land

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19
Q

photic (open water) zone

A

sunlight is abundant

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20
Q

deep water benthic zone

A

3rd zone of lakes

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21
Q

depth to which sunlight can reach depends on

A

turbidity

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22
Q

what can be used to determine turbidity

A

secchi disk

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23
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

generally clear due to low nutrient levels and have little plant life

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24
Q

mesotrophic lakes

A

good clarity and some nutrients

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25
eutrophic lakes
enriches w nutrients, resulting in large amounts of plant growth and algal blooms
26
hypertrophic lakes
excessively enriched w nutrients, poor water clarity, subject to devastating algal blooms
27
lakes in daytime
can cool land beside it w local winds (SEA BREEZE)
28
lakes at night
can warm land beside it w local winds (LAND BREEZE)
29
stratification
layering of water
30
stratification is due to
density changes caused by changes in temp
31
density increases as temp
decreases
32
hypolimnion
cooler lower layer of lakes
33
epilimnion
warmer, surface layer of lakes
34
seasonal turnover
exchange of surface and bottom water in a lake or pond that happens twice a year
35
defined stratification happens in
summer
36
thermocline
rapid transition of temp in lake
37
fall turnover
water cools and becomes heavier, winds move surface water around and mix w deep water, lakes become more uniform
38
spring turnover
surface ice melts, temps become more uniform
39
wetlands are characterized by
water table that stands at or near land surface long enough to support aquatic plants
40
aquifers
geologic formation that contains water in quantities suffient to support a well or spring
41
perched
groundwater accumulating above an area of low permeability
42
oceanic crust composed of
dense, thin layer of solitified volcanic basalt
43
oceanic trench
2 plates move toward each other, one subducts
44
aphotic zone
less than 1% light penetrates
45
benthic zone
ecological region at lowest level of a body of water
46
disphotic zone
dimly lit, not enough to carry out photosynthesis
47
neritic zone
low tide mark--> edge of continental shelf, shallow depth, good water for photosynthesis, high biodiversity
48
oceanic zone
region of open sea beyond edge of continental shelf, includes 65% of ocean water
49
pelagic zone
Includes all open ocean regions
50
photic zone
depth of water that has enough light for photosynthesis
51
temp diffs between summer and winter are more extreme in
n hemisphere (land warms and cools more quickly than water)
52
convection
warm waters near surface and cold waters near bottom move
53
surface ocean currents are driven by wind patterns that result from
Flow of high thermal energy at tropics (higher pressure) to low energy sources in polar areas (low pressure)
54
deep water currents are controlled by
diff in temp and salinity
55
90% ocean water circulates due to
deep water currents
56
what transports warm water from carribbean northward
gulf stream
57
n atlantic drift
responsible for bringing warmer temps to europe
58
as dense water sinks, it creates a
southern circulation pattern
59
great ocean conveyor belt is driven by
thermohaline currents (density driven)
60
takes water how many yrs to move through conveyor belt
1600
61
upwellings
occur when prevailing winds produced through coriolis effect moving clockwise in n hemi push warmer, nutrient poor surface waters away from coastline and replaced by cooler nutrient rich deep water
62
base of oceanic food chain
phytoplankton
63
ekman transport spiral
wind drags each consecutive layer down
64
how much freshwater is used for agriculture
70%
65
what irrigation is best
drip irrigation
66
greatest domestic use of freshwater
flushing toilet
67
recharge zone
surface area where water infiltrates into aquifer
68
groundwater supplies how much freshwater
40%
69
subsidence
when removal > recharge
70
rising sea levels due to
thermal expansion of water | melting of ice caps and glaciers
71
what is most impacted by rising sea levels
wetlands
72
how much of pop lives within 120 mi of coast
.5
73
point source
harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water
74
nonpoint source
delivers pollutants indirectly through transport or environmental change
75
mercury contamination causes
carbonate structures of corals, algae, etc to dissolve
76
mining exposes
heavy metals and sulfur compounds
77
iron mountain mine in cali
dumps sulfuric acid and heavy metals into sacramento river
78
what 2 compounds are plentiful in untreated wastewater
phosphorus and nitrogen
79
oil affects birds by
reducing insulating ability less buoyant less able to fly and escape
80
deforestation causes
root systems to hold soil in place die, sediment is free to run off
81
head reduces ability of water to hold
O2
82
minamata disease
mercury dumped into bay in japan | collected in fish
83
exxon valdez
crude oil spilled into prince william sound, alaska
84
gulf of mexico oil spill
deepwater horizon oil rig exploded
85
cultural eutrophication
process whereby human activity increases amount of nutrients entering surface waters
86
nitrates
water soluble | more damaging in wetlands
87
phosphates
adhere to soil particles | more damaging in freshwater systems
88
buffer zones
vegetation along streambeds slows erosion and absorbs some nutrients
89
primary wastewater treatment
sand catchers, screens, sedimentation | physical treatment
90
secondary treatment
filters, activated sludge | biological treatment
91
tertiary treatment
raises effulent quality to standard required before discharged into environment sand filtration, constructed wetlands, nutrient removal, microfiltration, disinfecion
92
federal water pollution control act
eliminate or reduce pollution of interstate water
93
water quality act
water purity standards
94
clean water act
basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into water of US EPA has authority to implement pollution control programs made illegal to discharge from point source wo permit funded sewage treatment plants
95
safe drinking water act
standards for safe drinking water
96
ocean dumping ban act
illegal to dump sewage into ocaen
97
oil spill prevention and liability act
strengthened EPAs ability to prevent/respond to catastrophic oil spills
98
organic waste
2 weeks decomp
99
radioactive waste
100000 yrs decomp
100
recyclable waste
paper 10 days glass never metals 100s yrs plastics 1 mil yrs
101
soiled waste
4 months
102
toxic waste
100 yrs

APEGS (9 decks)

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