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Water Resources And Environmental Engineering Flashcards

(148 cards)

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1
Q

A

A

Area

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2
Q

B or b

A

Width

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3
Q

BOD

A

Biochemical oxygen demand

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4
Q

C

A

Rational runoff coefficient

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5
Q

CN

A

NRCS curve number

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6
Q

COD

A

Chemical oxygen demand

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7
Q

D

A

Pipe diameter

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8
Q

d

A

Flow depth

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9
Q

DBP

A

Disinfection byproduct

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10
Q

DO

A

Dissolved oxygen

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11
Q

E

A

Specific energy

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12
Q

EPA

A

Environmental protection agency

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13
Q

FAS

A

Ferrous ammonium sulfate

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14
Q

GPCD

A

Gallons per capita per day

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15
Q

g

A

Gravity

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16
Q

H

A

Total energy head

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17
Q

h

A

Energy head

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18
Q

HSG

A

Hydrologic soil group

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19
Q

HUC

A

Hydrologic unit code

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20
Q

I

A

Rainfall intensity

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21
Q

i

A

Hydraulic gradient

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22
Q

K

A

Hydraulic conductivity

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23
Q

L

A

Length

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24
Q

MCRT

A

Mean cell residence time

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25
MLSS
Mixed liquor, suspended solids
26
MLVSS
Mixed liquor, volatile suspended solids
27
*n*
Manning‘s roughness coefficient
28
NOM
Natural organic materials
29
P
Precipitation
30
*p*
Pressure
31
*Q*
Flow rate
32
*q*
Discharge per unit width
33
R_h
Hydraulic radius
34
RAS
Return activated sludge
35
RO
Reverse osmosis
36
S
Slope of energy grade line or channel slope
37
SVI
Sludge volume index
38
T
Transmissivity
39
*t*
Time
40
T_c
Time of concentration
41
TDS
Total dissolved solids
42
TOC
Total organic carbon
43
TSS
Total suspended solids
44
UF
ultrafiltration
45
V
Volume
46
*v*
Flow velocity
47
WAS
waste activated sludge
48
*y*_c
Critical depth
49
*z*
Elevation above datum
50
γ
Specific weight
51
μ
Absolute viscosity
52
υ
Kinematic viscosity
53
ε
Specific roughness
54
*f*
Darcy friction factor
55
Hydrology def
A branch of earth science that deals with the occurrence movement and quality of surface and sub surface waters
56
Inflows
- precipitation - water channeled into a given area (for example from surface runoff) - ground water inflow from adjoining areas
57
Outflows
- surface runoff out (for example, from surface runoff) - water channeled out of the same area - evaporation - transpiration - infiltration or exfiltration
58
ΔS
Inflows - Outflows Q_in - Q_out
59
V_full
(Q_in - Q_out)t OR t*ΔS
60
Watershed def
An area of land that captures water and drains it to an outlet such as a reservoir or a point along a stream channel
61
Drainage divide def
Elevated terrain that separates two watersheds
62
Discharge
Volume of water flowing past a location per unit time
63
Hydrograph and its anatomy
64
Rational formula
Q=CIA Q = peak rate of discharge
65
Weighted C
When the drainage area contains distinctly different land cover characteristics
66
C_weighted
(ΣC_i * A_i)/A_total
67
T_c Eq
= L/*v* L =[ft] *v* =[ft/s]
68
Q Eq (General runoff)
= ((P-0.2S)^2)/(P+0.8S)
69
S Eq S = maximum basin retention (in)
= ((1000)/CN)-10 CN = Curve number
70
Types of floods
- flash - River - coastal
71
Frequency (F)
Avg number of years between storms or floods of a defined magnitude
72
Probability (p)
Inverse of F (frequency) - the chance that a storm or flood of a defined magnitude will be exceeded in any given year
73
p (probability Eq)
1/F
74
p (probability in *n* years)
p = 1-(1-1/F)^*n*
75
p (probability in *m* consecutive years)
p=p^*m*
76
p (probability of flood **not** occurring)
1-p
77
Continuity equation Q
A_1*v_1 = A_2*v_2
78
Q’ Flow rate for multiple flows
= Q_1 + Q_2
79
Open channel flow
The conveyance of water with a free surface meaning it has the same pressure as the atmosphere around it
80
Manning equation
*v* = (K/n)R^(2/3)_h* S^(1/2)
81
Q As related to mannings equation
Q = (K/n)A*R^(2/3)_h * S^(1/2)
82
K
1.486 US 1.0 metric
83
Hydraulic radius (R_h) Eq
R_h = A/P P = **wetted** perimeter
84
R_h For *full* or *half-full* pipe
D/4
85
RECTANGLE Eqs
A = db P = 2d + b R_h = (db)/(b+2d)
86
TRIANGLE PIPE equations
A = d^2/tanθ P = 2D/tanθ R_h = dcosθ/2
87
TRAPEZOID PIPE Eq
A = (b + d/tanθ)*d P = b + 2(d/sinθ) R_h = (bdsinθ + d^2cosι)/(bsinθ +2d)
88
CIRCLE PIPE *not* full or half full Eq
A = (1/8)(θ-sinθ)D^2 P = 1/2θD R_h = (1/4)(1-(sinθ/θ)D θ IN RADIANS
89
Mannings equations Related to D
Q = (0.463D^(8/3)*S^(1/2))/n v = (0.591D^(2/3)*S^(1/2))/n
90
Diameter related to flow rate
D = 1.335(nQ/S^(1/2))^(3/8)
91
Solids lines when n is variable Dotted lines when n is constant Dashed and dotted lines if independent of n
92
Energy head
H = *y* + v^2/2g + z y - flow depth v - flow velocity x - channel bottom elevation
93
Specific energy
E = *y* + v^2/2g
94
Critical depth
Q^2/g = A^3/T
95
Critical depth of rectangular channels
y_c = (q^2/g)^(1/3)
96
Slope vs depth
Deep flow - mild slope Shallow flow - steep slope
97
Q as related to unit discharge
Q = q*B
98
Flow classifications
Flow > y_c = subcritical flow Flow < y_c = supercritical flow
99
Normal flow
When the water surface and channel bottom slopes are the same
100
Froude number
The ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces
101
Fr related to flows
Fr = 1, critical Fr<1, supercritical flow Fr>1, subcritical flow
102
Fr Eq
Fr = *v*/((g*y_h)^(1/2)) y_h = hydraulic depth [L]
103
Hydraulic jump def
When rapidly flowing water is abruptly slowed and a sudden rise in the water surface occur occurs
104
When does a hydraulic jump occur?
When super critical flow is forced to transition to sub critical flow
105
Conjugate depths
The flow depths immediately upstream, and downstream of the hydraulic jump
106
Conjugate depths Eq
y_2 = (y_1/2)[-1+(1+8Fr^2_1)]
107
Specific energy curve
108
Specific momentum curve
109
Momentum equation Related to flow
M = (Q^2/(gA))+Ah
110
Weir Free discharge suppressed
Q = CLH^(3/2)
111
Weir Free discharge contracted
Q = C(L - 0.2H)H^(3/2)
112
Weir V-notch
Q = CH^(5/2)
113
C values for rectangular weirs
3.33 US 1.84 SI
114
C values for 90° v-notch weir
2.54 US 1.40 SI
115
Pump head p_head
*z_1* + h_pump = *z_2* + h_*f* h_*f* = friction head
116
Q units
Gal/m Liter/m
117
m(dot) units (Mass flow rate)
lbm/s kg/s
118
Pressure
Psi kPa
119
W(dot) Pump input power
HP Watts
120
ρ Fluid density
lbm/ft^3 kg/m^3
121
N units Rotational speed
Rpm
122
Q Affinity law
(Q/nD^3)_2 = (Q/nD^3)_1
123
m Mass flow rate affinity law
(m/ρND^3)_2 = (m/ρND^3)_1
124
H Head added by pump Affinity law
(H/N^2D^2)_2 = (H/N^2D^2)_1
125
P Pressure added by pump Affinity law
(P/ρN^2D^2)_2 = (P/ρN^2D^2)_1
126
W Pump input power
(W/ρN^3D^5)_2 = (W/ρN^3D^5)_1
127
Cavitation
Occurs when the pressure of the pump inlet has fallen below the waters vapor pressure Characterized by Loud noise, pitting damage to parts, and reduced capacity
128
NPSH Eq
h_atm + h_zs + Σh_Ls - h_vp h_zs = static suction head h_Ls = friction losses in the suction line h_vp = vapor pressure Characterized
129
Static head
Discharge elevation - suction elevation NOTE: below pump makes suction elevation positive
130
Total dynamic head
Static head + friction head OR discharge elevation - suction elevation + friction head
131
REMINDER: direction of water is
From high to low head
132
When given two parallel pipes with equal head loss, equate Darcy Weisbach
f1(L1/D1)(V1^2/2g)= f2(L2/D2)(V2^2/2g)
133
Water balance equation
P-E-I-R-ΔS=0
134
Calculate initial ultimate BOD
135
CMFR
Completely Mixed Flow Reactor
136
Something regulated by the Marine Protection and Sanctuaries Act
Ocean dumping by an vessel sailing from a US port
137
Molecular weight units
Mg/mmole
138
Convert mmole/1 to mg
Multiple by 100
139
How to remove trihalomethanes
Use chlorine
140
Problem with removing trihalomethane
Chlorine is expensive
141
When in doubt
Average it out When given multiple values of the same kind and no Eqs just take an average
142
Superfund Act (CERCLA) covers what
The National Priority List (NPL)
143
What is the goal of the CERCLA (Superfund Act)
Cleanup of existing and abandoned hazardous waste sites
144
145
Total dynamic head
TOTAL Elevation head + friction head
146
147
Q_e
Effluent flow rates Also the amount treated every day
148
X_A reps what
Mixed liquor VSS

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