Water Science

Question 1

Precipitation

Answer 1

rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.

Question 2

Canopy Interception

Answer 2

Canopy interception is the rainfall that is intercepted by the canopy of a tree and successively evaporates from the leaves

Question 3

Snowmelt

Answer 3

the melting of fallen snow

Question 4

Runoff

Answer 4

the draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land, a building or structure, etc

Question 5

Infiltration

Answer 5

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation

Question 6

Subsurface flow

Answer 6

Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath earth’s surface as part of the water cycle. In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth’s land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.

Question 7

Evaporation

Answer 7

Evaporation is defined as the process of a liquid changing into a gas. An example of evaporation is water turning into steam.

Question 8

Sublimation

Answer 8

Sublimation is a chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going through a liquid stage. An example of sublimation is when ice cubes shrink in the freezer.

Question 9

Deposition

Answer 9

Deposition is a process where a gas changes phase and turns directly in solid without passing through the liquid phase. It’s also the opposite of sublimation. Example. One extremely common example is snow that formed in clouds. Water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid

Question 10

Advection

Answer 10

the transfer of heat or matter by the flow of a fluid, especially horizontally in the atmosphere or the sea.

Question 11

Condensation

Answer 11

the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid

Question 12

Transpiration

Answer 12

Transpiration is the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves. An example of transpiration is when a plant absorbs water in its roots.

Question 13

Acid Rain

Answer 13

precipitation, as rain, snow, or sleet, containing relatively high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals, as the pollutants from coal smoke, chemical manufacturing, and smelting, that have been released into the atmosphere and combined with water vapor: harmful to the environment.
Causes
-Natural resources and man-made activities
-Generation of electricity
-Volcanos and decaying vegetation
-Emissions of SO2 and NOx
Effects
-Animals have a hard time adapting
-Plants are damaged
-Damages stone in buildings

Question 14

Watershed

Answer 14

A watershed is a large area of land in which various parts of the hydrologic cycle occur simultaneously. An area of land that receives precipitation and then drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a common receiving body or outlet including streams, rivers, lakes, groundwater, etc.
Can be very large, cross state lines, or a few acres.

Question 15

Watershed Components

Answer 15

1. Albedo- fraction of solar energy (shortwave reflection) reflected from the Earth back into space
2. Precipitation- a key factor for a watershed; provides the water input for the watershed
3. Temperature- determines max. vapor density of the atmosphere
4. Relative Humidity- determines the speed of the following watershed processes
   - Evaporation and Transpiration: increases with decreasing relative humidity
   - Dew Point: the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates
   - Increased evapotranspiration from the watershed due to wind
   - Increasing sublimation
5. Topography- used to describe the Earth’s surface. Measured by the differences in elevation across the earth’s surface. Includes a variety of different features

Question 16

GIS

Answer 16

Geography information systems

Question 17

Impervious Surface

Answer 17

Seal the surface, preventing and groundwater recharge. Runoff causes pollution from fertilizers, gasoline, motor oil, and heavy metals from vehicles, high sediment loads from stream bed erosion

Question 18

Evapotranspiration

Answer 18

The process in which water vapor is transferred from the earth to the atmosphere by means of evaporation and transpiration from plants

Question 19

Feeder Dam

Answer 19

Collects water to be diverted to the canal and keep it watered

Question 20

Inlet lock

Answer 20

Controls the amount of water entering the canal

Question 21

Culvert

Answer 21

Carries smaller streams under the canal

Question 22

Lift lock

Answer 22

Allows boats to enter lower water

Question 23

Bypass Flume

Answer 23

Keeps water flowing around the lock when the gates are closed

Question 24

Wasted Weir

Answer 24

Drains water back to the river if the level was too high

Question 25

How can we control water?

Answer 25

1. Aqueduct- a conduit or artificial channel for conducting water from a distance, usually by means of gravity.; a bridgelike structure that carries a water conduit or canal across a valley or over a river. 2. Dam- a barrier to obstruct the flow of water, especially one of earth, masonry, etc., built across a stream or river. 3. Pipe line- a long tubular conduit or series of pipes, often underground, with pumps and valves for flow control, used to transport crude oil, natural gas, water, etc., especially over great distances.

Question 26

Hydropower

Answer 26

Hydroelectric power

Question 27

Hydroelectricity

Answer 27

a form of energy generated by the conversion of free-falling water to electricity; the generation of electricity by using the motive power of water

Question 28

Pumped Storage

Answer 28

A method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power demands

Question 29

Equations

Answer 29

Theoretical: Pth = p*q*g*h Actual: P = n*p*q*g*h Pth: power theoretically P: power in watts n: dimensionless efficiency of the turbine p: density (kg/m^3) ~1000 kg/m^3 for water q: water flow rate or volumetric flow rate (m^3/s) g: acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s^2) h: falling height, head (m)I

Question 30

Fluid Mechanics

Answer 30

- the study of a fluid either in motion or at rest - a fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shear (tangential) stress no matter how small the shear stress may be - stress: the average force/unit area that some particle of a body exerts on an adjacent particle - Normal stress: (compression or tension) perpendicular to the surface - Shear stress: parallel to the surface

Question 31

Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 31

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. During any chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or radioactive decay in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants or starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.

Question 32

Newton's 2nd Law

Answer 32

The acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables: the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.

Question 33

Systems

Answer 33

a fixed, identifiable quantity of mass; the system boundaries separate the system from the surroundings. The boundaries of the system may be fixed or movable; however, no mass crosses the system boundaries

Question 34

Control Volume

Answer 34

an arbitrary volume in space through which fluid flows. The geometric boundary of the control volume is called the control surface. The control surface may be real or imaginary; it may be at rest or in motion

Question 35

System of Dimensions

Answer 35

refers to the constituent of all space (volume) and its position in time. Interact according to relative properties of mass and are fundamentally mathematical in description

Question 36

System of Units

Answer 36

the modern form of the metric system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement, used in both everyday commerce and science. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built around seven base units, and a set of prefixes that act a decimal - base multipliers

Question 37

Conversion of Units

Answer 37

the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors

Question 38

Fundamental Concepts

Answer 38

- Newtonian fluid: common fluids such as water, air and gasoline - Non-Newtonian fluid: a fluid whose flow properties are not described by a constant value of viscosity and differ in many ways from those that are Newtonian fluids - Viscosity: a measure of a fluid's resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of "thickness." Viscosity is due to the friction between neighboring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities - When the fluid is forced through a tube, the fluid generally moves faster near the axis and very slowly near the walls; therefore, some stress (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to overcome the friction between layers and keep the fluid moving. A liquid's viscosity depends on the size and shape of its particles and the attractions between the particles - Path lines: are the path or trajectory traced out by a moving fluid particle. This approach might be used to study, for example, the trajectory of a contaminant - Streakline: the line joining fluid particles after a short period of time, all of which had, at some time, passed through are fixed location in space

Question 39

Water Treatment

Answer 39

Industrial-scale processes that make water more acceptable for everyday use, which may be drinking, industry, or medicine. Water treatment should remove existing water contaminants or so reduce their concentration that their water becomes fir for its desired end-use, which may be safely returning used water to the environment

Question 40

Water Treatment Processes

Answer 40

- Solids separation using physical processes such as setting and filtration and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation - Coagulation: removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and other chemicals are added to water. Alum and other chemicals are added to the water to form tiny sticky particles called "floc" which attract the dirt particles; for flocculation; coagulant aids, also known as polyelectrolytes to improve coagulation and thicker floc formation; in this step of the treatment the coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. There are some substances such as alum and chemicals that are added to water to sticky particles called "floc" which attract the dirt particles - Flocculation- arises from induced velocity gradients in the liquid. It is here that primary particles are induced to approach close enough together, make contact and progressively from larger aggolmerates, or of orthokinetic flocculaton is the velocity gradient applied - Sedimentation: the heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and the clear water moves to filtration; for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc; the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them the kind of forces that could act against them in gravity and acceleration of the fluid - Filtration: the water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles; removing particles from water - Disinfection: a small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or microorganisms that may be in the water; for killing bacteria - Storage: water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir in order for disinfection to take place. The water then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community - Drinking water: combination selected from the following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide - Pre-chlorination: for algae control and arresting any biological growth - Aeration: along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese - Desalination: process of removing salt from the water - Sewage Treatment: the process that removes the majority of the contaminants of wastewater or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls

Question 41

Pumps and Water Treatment

Answer 41

- wastewater treatment: sewage (toilet water) includes runoff - water treatment: potable (drinking water) - intake crib: the intake cribs are structures located in strategic points that collect water from close to the bottom of the lakes to supply it to a pumping stations onshore - travelling water screen: a type of water filtration system that has continuously moving mesh screen that is use to removed impurities from water - pre-oxidation and primary disinfection: this step on the water treatment is accomplished both by filtering out harmful microorganisms and also by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any kind of virus that should pass through the filters and to provide the residual dose of disinfectant - Media Gravity Filtration: this step on the processes is the one where is separated the solid and the liquid. This processes is passing the mixture over a filtrating media. Filtering media is characterized by being chemically inert to the mixture, and having small pathways for the liquid to pass through - Clear Wall: a large storage tank that holds treats drinking water for several hours before it is distributed throughout the city for use by consumers - Secondary Disinfection: designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps, and detergent. The majority of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. To be effective, the biota require both oxygen and food to live. The bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants and bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc - Fluoridation: the next step on the water treatment is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride is saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities