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Flashcards in Water Security Deck (27)
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1
Q

Water security

A

Having reliable and sustainable source of enough good quality water to meet everyone’s needs for industry, agriculture and personal health

2
Q

What does water security depend on?

A
  • population density

* water available

3
Q

Water deficit

A

Lack of water to meet peoples needs

4
Q

Water surplus

A

More water than what is needed

5
Q

Why is there a greater demand for water?

A
  • rising population- more people need water and crops which require water
  • economic development- manufacturing uses a lot of water, 15% of all water is used to produce energy, more people can now afford toilets and showers
6
Q

What physical factors affect water availability?

A
  • climate- rainfall and temp

* geology- impermeable rock doesn’t allow water to soak in

7
Q

What economic and social factors affect water availability?

A
  • over abstraction- caused by high demand, population growth, more frequent showers
  • pollution of water- less clean water available
  • limiter infrastructure- sewage contaminated supply
  • poverty- lack money to buy water
8
Q

What are the problems water insecurity can have?

A
  • pollution and disease- cholera
  • food production- irrigation for agriculture uses a lot of water so less crops are grown
  • industrial output- less manufacturing
  • conflict- over water
9
Q

What strategies can be used to increase water supplies?

A
  • water transfer- movement from surplus to shortage
  • dams and reservoirs
  • desalination- removal of salt from seawater
10
Q

How can water transfer help increase water supply?

A
  • large scale engineering to move water to places in need
  • the water is transferred by canals and pipes
  • can reduce water insecurity in the receiving basin but can cause massive environmental, social and economic problems
11
Q

How can dams and reservoirs help increase water supply?

A
  • trap large amounts of water
  • during times of surplus water it is trapped and then can supply when it’s in deficit
  • they are expensive
  • reservoirs can cause conflict when they flood
12
Q

Where does Birmingham get its water supply?

A

•Elam valley in mid Wales where reservoirs provide a continuous supply to the city

13
Q

How can desalination help increase water supply?

A
  • removal of salt from seawater

* it is expensive because energy is needed to heat it

14
Q

Where is the first large scale solar powered desalination plant?

A

•Saudi Arabia

15
Q

How much of water gained in Dubai is from desalination?

A

98.8%

One plant produces 140 million gallons of water per day

16
Q

How efficient is Dubai’s new desalination plant?

A

82%

17
Q

How can water supply be made to be sustainable?

A
  • water conservation
  • groundwater management
  • recycling grey water
18
Q

What can grey water be used for?

A
  • irrigation
  • industry
  • power plants
  • toilet flushing
19
Q

How does recycling grey water help?

A
  • less energy needed to treat water unnecessarily

* conservation of energy

20
Q

How can groundwater management help?

A
  • levels of water extracted can be monitored
  • laws can be passed to prevent too much groundwater being extracted
  • farmers encouraged to use less artificial fertiliser and pesticides
  • International agreements between countries
21
Q

How can water conservation help water supplies?

A
  • fixing leaked pipes
  • fitting dual flush toilets can save 3.5 litres per flush
  • efficient washing machines
  • showers over baths
  • then off taps after use
  • drip irrigation
22
Q

What is a large scheme water transfer?

A

Chiba wetter south to drier north

23
Q

How much water is transported per year?

A

•44.8 billion cubic metres

24
Q

How much did it cost?

A

$62 billion

25
Q

Advantages of China water scheme?

A
  • water to Beijing and Tianjin
  • allows industry to develop
  • water for crops
26
Q

Disadvantages of China water project?

A
  • large areas flooded
  • damaging fragile ecosystems
  • 345,000 people forced to move
  • water stress in south will increase
27
Q

Hitosa facts

A
  • population 250,000
  • 50% have access to clean water
  • gravity fed scheme from mount Bada to 100 water public points
  • supplies 65,000 people with 25 litres a day
  • hygiene taps have been neglected