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Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A

Maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed position

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2
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

The distance between the same point on two adjacent waves

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3
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of complete waves passing through a certain point per second

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4
Q

Equation for time period

A

Period = 1/frequency

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5
Q

What are transverse waves & 2 examples

A

Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (electromagnetic waves (light))

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6
Q

What are longitudinal waves

A

Oscillations are parallel to direction of energy transfer (sound)

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7
Q

Equation for wavespeed

A

Speed = frequency x wavelength

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8
Q

What are 3 things that can happen when waves arrive at a boundary between two materials?

A
  1. Waves are absorbed and their energy is transferred into the material’s energy stores
  2. Waves are transmitted and carry on travelling through the material (refraction)
  3. Waves are reflected
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9
Q

What does angle of reflection equal?

A

Angle of incidence to the normal

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10
Q

What is specular reflection?

A

When a wave is reflected in a single direction off a smooth surface

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11
Q

What is diffuse reflection?

A

When reflected waves are scattered in random directions off a bumpy surface

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12
Q

Why can diffuse reflections not be seen?

A

Each ray has a different normal, so all angle of reflections are different because angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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13
Q

What do all EM waves do?

A

Travel at the speed of light through air

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14
Q

State the EM spectrum in order of lowest to highest frequency

A
  1. Radio waves
  2. Microwaves
  3. Infra red
  4. Visible light
  5. Ultra violet
  6. X rays
  7. Gamma rays
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15
Q

What is refraction?

A

When a wave enters a different material at a different angle to the normal, so changes direction

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16
Q

What affects the amount of refraction?

A

How much the waves speeds up/ slows down, which depends on the density of materials (higher the density, the slower the wave travels through it)

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17
Q

What is optical density?

A

How quickly light can travel through a material (higher density, slower light)

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18
Q

Refraction ray diagram for an optically denser material?

A

The angle of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence - bends towards the boundary

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19
Q

Refraction ray diagram for a less optically dense material?

A

The angle of refraction will be bigger than the angle of incidence - bends away from the boundary

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20
Q

How do electromagnetic waves form?

A

Alternating currents are made up of oscillating charges which produce oscillating magnetic and electric fields

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21
Q

What is the frequency of an electromagnetic wave determined by?

A

The frequency of the alternating current it is formed from

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22
Q

How are radio waves produced?

A
  1. A transmitter charges electrons to oscillate
  2. When transmitted waves reach a receiver, the waves are absorbed
  3. Energy deposited by the wave transfers to the electrons
  4. If the receiver is part of an electrical circuit, an AC is produced
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23
Q

How do long wavelengths travel to a receiver which is not in line of sight?

A

They can diffract around obstacles like hills and tunnels

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24
Q

How do short wave radio signals travel long distance?

A

They reflect off of the ionosphere in the Earth’s atmosphere

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25
DUHS of radio waves
D = antennae or aerial U = Radio communication H = Negligible S= antennae or aerial
26
DUHS of microwaves
D = antennae or aerial U = mobile phones H = over heating S = magnetron
27
How do microwaves get from a transmitter to a mobile phone?
The wave is directed into space and reflects off of the satellite in space to a phone
28
Why are different wavelengths of microwave used in ovens and phones?
Communication microwaves need to travel through Earth's watery atmosphere, whereas in ovens they need to be absorbed by water molecules in the food
29
How do microwaves quickly cook food?
Penetrate the food and get absorbed by water molecules, transferring their energy to the food , causing the water to heat up, cooking the food
30
DUHS for infrared radiation
D = infrared cameras U = remote controls H = burns S = Sun
31
DUHS for visible light
D = eyes U = to see H = laser damage S = lamps
32
DUHS for ultra violet
D = fluorescence glowing U = tanning H = skin damage S = UV lamps
33
DUHS for x rays
D = photographic film U = imaging broken bones H = cancer S = electron transmission
34
DUHS for gamma rays
D = Geiger Muller tube U = radiotherapy H = cancer S = gamma ray bursts
35
How do optical fibres carry data?
Visible light rays reflect back and forth off the sides of the cable as they are glass
36
How do fluorescent lights work?
They emit UV light which is absorbed and re emitted as visible light by a layer of phosphorous
37
Why are higher frequency waves more dangerous?
They transfer lots of energy
38
Why are gamma and x rays most dangerous?
They are ionizing rays which can cause gene mutation or cell destruction
39
How is a radiation dose measured?
Sieverts
40
What do convex lenses do to light?
They cause light to converge at the focal point
41
What do concave lenses do to light?
They cause light to diverge
42
What is the principal focus for a convex lense?
Where all the rays of light meet in front of the lens
43
What is the principal focus for a concave lens?
Where all the rays come from on the axis behind the lens
44
3 rules for refraction in a convex lens?
1. An incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and passes through the principal focus 2. An incident ray travelling the opposite way travels through the principal focus and refracts through the lens to travel parallel 3. An incident ray travelling through the centre of a lens keeps going the same direction
45
3 rules for refraction in a concave lens?
1. An incident ray travelling parallel to the axis refracts to travel in line with the principal focus so it appears to come from the principal focus 2. An incident ray traveling the opposite way in line with the principal focus refracts through the lens to travel parallel 3. An incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on
46
What is a "real" image
When light comes together to form an image on a screen
47
What is a virtual image
When rays diverge, so the image seems to be in a completely different place
48
3 descriptors for an image?
1. Size 2. Upright or inverted 3. Real or virtual
49
How to draw a ray diagram for a convex lens?
1. From the top of the object, draw a line parallel to the axis 2. Draw another ray going through the middle of the lens from the top of the object 3. Refract the first ray through the focal point 4. The mid lens ray does not change 5. Where the rays meet is the top of the object
50
What will an object at 2x the focal point exactly create?
1. Same size 2. Inverted 3. Real
51
What will an object between F and 2F create?
1. Bigger 2. Inverted 3. Real
52
What will an object nearer to F create?
1. Bigger 2. Right way up 3. virtual
53
How to draw a ray diagram for a concave lens?
1. Draw a ray from the top of the object parallel to the axis 2. Draw another ray from the object to the middle of the lens 3. Refract the first ray, so that it appears as if it is coming from the focal point 4. The ray passing through the centre doesn't change 5. Where the rays meet is the image
54
What do concave lens images always have?
1. Smaller 2. Right way up 3. Virtual
55
Useful phrase for virtual images?
You can't project virtual images onto a screen
56
What is the range of wavelengths for visible light?
400nm to 700nm
57
How do opaque objects receive light?
1. They do not transmit 2. Absorb some and reflect some
58
How is the colour of an opaque object determined?
Which wavelengths of light are most strongly reflected
59
Two possibilities for secondary colour objects?
1. Reflecting that wavelength of visible light (yellow) 2. Reflecting both primary colours (green and red light)
60
What do white objects do?
Reflect all wavelengths of light equally
61
What do black objects do?
Absorb all wavelengths
62
What do transparent objects do with light?
Transmit light, let some pass through
63
What do colour filters do?
Filter out certain wavelengths, so only some are transmitted and the rest are absorbed
64
How do primary colour filters work?
Only transmit their colour light and absorb everything else
65
What would happen to a red object when viewed through a blue filter?
It would appear black as all other wavelengths of light that are not blue are absorbed
66
What do secondary colour filters do?
Transmit wavelengths of their colour AND the primary colours used to make that colour (a yellow filter transmits green, red and yellow)
67
How do objects surroundings hotter than their cool down?
They emit more infrared radiation than they absorb
68
What surface is best at emitting/ absorbing radiation?
Black, matte
69
What surface is worst at emitting/ absorbing radiation?
White, shiny
70
What is a black body?
A perfect black body absorbs all radiation that hits it - nothing is reflected or transmitted
71
3 ways distribution of intensity changes as temperature increases?
1. Intensity of all wavelengths increase 2. Peak intensity occurs at a shorter wavelength 3. Shorter the wavelength, quicker the increase in intensity
72
Why is nighttime colder than daytime?
In the day, lots of radiation is transferred to the earth from the Sun and absorbed, whereas at night time less radiation is being absorbed than is being emitted
72
How do sound waves transfer information?
By making particles vibrate creating a series of compressions and rarefactions
73
How do we hear?
1. Soundwaves make the ear drum vibrate 2. These vibrations are passed onto tiny bones called ossicles 3. The cochlea turns these vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain
74
What is the human hearing range?
20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
75
What is ultrasound?
A sound with a frequency higher than 20 000 Hz
76
What happens to ultrasound at boundaries?
They are partially reflected and some are refracted
77
3 uses of ultrasound?
1. Medical screening e.g a foetus in the womb, as when ultrasound meets a boundary some is reflected back, meaning the exact time and distribution of these echoes can produce a video image 2. Industrial screening 3. Submarines to detect depth of water
78
How are seismic waves used to determine the location of an earthquake?
Time taken for waves to reach a seismometer
79
Properties of P waves?
1. Longitudinal 2. Travel through solids and liquids 3. Faster than S waves
80
Properties of S waves?
1. Transverse 2. Only travel through solids 3. Slower than P waves

Physics (8 decks)

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