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Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Which way are the vibrations in transverse waves

A

Perpendicular (90)

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2
Q

Name perpendicular waves

A

All electromagnetic waves, S-waves, ripples and waves in water

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3
Q

What way does longitudes waves travel

A

Parallel

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4
Q

Examples of longitudes waves

A

Sound waves and P-waves

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5
Q

What do longitudes waves do

A

They stretch out and squat up making compressions (high pressure - lots of particles) and rarefactions (low pressure - fewer particles)

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6
Q

What the first formula for wave speed

A

Wave speed(m/s) = distance (m)
——————-
Time (s)

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7
Q

What’s the second formula for wave speed

A

Wave speed(m/s)=frequency(Hz) x wavelength(m)

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8
Q

What can you use to measure the speed of sound

A

Oscilloscope

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9
Q

What can you use to measure the speed of water ripples

A

A strobe light

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10
Q

What could you use to measure the speed of waves in solid

A

Peak frequency

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11
Q

what happens when the wave is absorbed

A

the wave transfers energy to the materials energy store

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12
Q

what happens when waves are transmitted

A

the wave carries on travelling through the new material.

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13
Q

what happens when waves are reflected

A

the ray is sent back away from the second material

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14
Q

what happens during refraction

A

when a wave crosses a boundary it changes speed. The wave has to hit the boundary at an angle for it to be refracted. The change of speed causes a change in direction

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15
Q

what happens if the wave is travelling along the normal

A

it changes speed but NOT refracted

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16
Q

when does the wave bends towards the normal

A

if the wave is slowed down

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17
Q

what effects how much an EM wave refracts

A

wavelength - shorter wave lengths bend more. This can lead to wavelengths spreading out (dispersion)

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18
Q

what are sound waves caused by

A

vibrating objects

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19
Q

what type of wave are sound waves

A

longitudal

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20
Q

what determines the waves frequency

A

size, shape and structure

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21
Q

how do speakers work

A

Electrical signal creates a sound wave by vibrating particles. the sound wave travels though the air. When the sound wav hits the solid object it causes the solid particles to vibrate, the particles hits the next particle - passing on the sound wave.

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22
Q

How do you hear sound

A

the sound wave causes your eardrum to vibrate. Vibrations got o your ossicles to semicircular canals to cochlea which turns vibrations to electrical signals to your brain. Your brain interprets the signals depending on the frequency

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23
Q

How is human hearing limited

A

by the size and shape of our eardrums and the structures within the ear that vibrate to transmit the sound wave.

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24
Q

what is ultrasound

A

frequencies higher than 20,000Hz

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25
what is partial reflection
when a wave passes from one media to another some of it is refracted and some of it is transmitted
26
how i ultrasound used in medical imaging
pre-natal scanning of foetus. Ultra sound waves can pass through the whole body but when they reach 2 different boundaries (fluid and foetus)some is reflected back and detected, the timing and distribution of the waves a processed by a computer.
27
how is ultrasound used in industrial imaging
finding flaws in materials. When waves enter a material it will usually be reflected by the far side of the material. if there is a flaw the waves will be reflected sooner
28
what is infrasound
frequencies lower than 20Hz
29
what animals communicate using infrasound and his does this help scientists
elephants and whales. Scientists can detect infrasound and they are then able to track these animals
30
How can erupting volcanos, avalanches and earthquakes be detected
they produce infrasound in the local area so scientists can monitor the level of infrasound to predict
31
what happens when there is an earthquake
it produces seismic waves at a range of frequencies
32
how can seismic waves be detected
using seismometers
33
what happens when seismic waves reach boundary between 2 different layers of materials
some waves will be absorbed and some will be refracted
34
what are the 2 seismic waves
p - waves and s - waves
35
what are the properties of P- waves
longitudal. Travel through solids and liquids, Faster than s-waves
36
what are the properties of s - waves
transverse. Travel through solids. Slower than p - waves
37
what is the law of reflection
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
38
when can total internal reflection be experienced
when a wave travels through a dense material towards a less dense material
39
what does total internal reflection depend on
critical angle.
40
When does total internal reflection happen
when the angles of incidence is larger than the critical angle
41
what is specular reflection
when waves are reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface. This means you get a clear reflection
42
what is diffuse reflection
when waves are reflected by a rough surface and the waves are reflected in all directions
43
how can you use a glass block to investigate refraction
1. place a glass block on a white piece of paper and trace around it. Use a ray box to shine a ray of light at the middle of one side if the block. 2. trace the incident and emergent ray. Join the incident and merging ray up to show the path of the refracted ray. 3. draw the normal and work out the angle of incidence and refraction 4. repeat 3 times then wok out an average for each angle
44
what is white light
a mixture of all different colour of light
45
what are opaque objects
objects that do not transmit light. they absorb some wave lengths and reflect others
46
what does the colour of an opaque object depend on
which wavelengths of light are reflected
47
what do white an d black objects do
white objects reflect all wavelengths | black objects absorb all wavelengths
48
what do transparent and translucent objects do
they transmit light
49
what do colour filters do
they filter out different wavelengths of light so that are certain colours are transmitted
50
what does a primary colour filter do
only transmits that colour
51
what do filters that aren't for primary colours let through
they let through both wavelengths of light corresponding to that colour and the wavelengths of the primary colours that can be added together to make that colour
52
what are the 2 main types of lens
converging and diverging
53
what does a converging lens do
bulges outwards in the middle. causes parallel rays of light to be bought together at the principal focus
54
what does a diverging lens do
caves inwards. causes parallel rays of light to spread out
55
what is the principal focus on a converging lens
rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis all meet
56
what is the principal focus on a diverging lens
the point where rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis appear to all come from
57
what is the focal length
the distance from the centre of the lens to the principal focus
58
what are the 2 types of images formed by lenses
real image and virtual image
59
when is a real image formed
when the light rays actually come together to form the image
60
when is a virtual image formed
when the light rays from the object appear to be coming from a completely different place
61
give an example of a real image
the image formed in the eyes retina
62
give an example of a virtual image
magnifying glasses create virtual images
63
what does the curvature of the lens effect
its power
64
what power is a converging lens and a diverging lens
converging - positive | diverging - negative
65
how can powerful lenses be made thinner
by changing the material as some materials are better at focusing light than other materials
66
what type of waves are EM waves
transverse
67
name the 7 EM waves
radio waves, micro waves, infra red, visible light, ultra violet, x - rays, gamma rays
68
wavelength of radio waves
10 4
69
wavelength of micro waves
10 -2
70
wave length of infra red
10 -5
71
wave length of visible light
10 -7
72
wave length of ultra violet
10 -8
73
wavelength of x - rays
10 -10
74
wavelength of gamma rays
10 -15
75
how do radio waves travel through the body
transmitted without being absorbed
76
what can some wavelengths of microwave cause
heating of cells because it can be absorbed
77
infrared and visible light are ...
mostly reflected or absorbed by the skin
78
what does ultraviolet do
its absorbed by the skin, when absorbed it can damage your skin cells
79
what can x-rays and gamma rays cause
can cause mutations and damage cells
80
what does every object do
absorb and emit EM radiation
81
what does the distribution and intensity of EM wavelengths depend on
temperature
82
what effects the intensity of emitted wavelengths
temperature and wavelength - hight temperature and shorter wavelength increases intensity
83
how does the rate of an EM wave being absorbed effect its temperature
if the average power that the object absorbs is more than the average power that it radiates, the object heats up.
84
what does the temperature of earth depend on
the amount of radiation it reflects, emits and absorbs
85
what happens to radiation during the day and night
day - lots of radiation is is transferred | night - radiation is emitted by the atmosphere (causes a decrease in temperature)
86
where is the radiation reflected and absorbed by
atmosphere, clouds and surface
87
what are EM waves made up of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields (alternating currents are made up of oscillating charges, as they oscillate the produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields)
88
how can you produce radio waves
by using an alternating current in an electrical circuit
89
what are radio waves used for
communication and broadcasting. long wavevcan be received half way around the world whereas short waves can be received at long distances

Physics (9 decks)

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