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IGCSE Physics > waves > Flashcards

waves Flashcards

1
Q

what is transverse waves

A

the direction of vibration of particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of energy

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2
Q

what does transvere waves consist of

A

peaks and troughs

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3
Q

what are examples of transverse waves

A

light waves

water waves

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4
Q

what are ongitudinal waves

A

direction of vibration of particles is parallel to direction of propagation of energy

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5
Q

what does longitudinal waves consist of

A

compressions and rarefactions

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6
Q

example of longitudinal wave

A

sound wave

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7
Q

what is peak

A

highest point of a wave

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8
Q

what is trough

A

lowest point of the wave

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9
Q

what is amplitude

A

maximum displacement from equilibrium position

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10
Q

what is oscillation

A

when wave complete one peak and trough and return to equilibrium

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11
Q

what is period

A

time taken for wave to complete one full oscillation (measured in seconds)

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12
Q

what is frequency

A

number of waves produced per unit time

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13
Q

unit of frequency

A

Hz HErtz

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14
Q

equation for frequency

A

1/period

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15
Q

what is wavelength

A

distance between two peaks/troughs

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16
Q

traingle for wavelength,,,speed,,,frequency

A

wave speed/

frequency x wavelength

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17
Q

what is incident ray

A

light ray that hits mirror

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18
Q

what is relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refelction

A

angle of incidence = angel of reflection

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19
Q

properties of a reflected image on a plane mirror

A
  • image is same size as object
  • image is same distance behind mirror as object is
  • image is right-left inverted
  • image is virtual (cannot be formed on a screen)
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20
Q

what is refraction

A

change of direction of a wave when it enters a medium where speed is different

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21
Q

which waves can go through refraction

A

all waves

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22
Q

describe refraction of light

A

when light enters the medium, it slows down causing it to change direction, when it leaves it speeds up changing direction once more
when it enters it bends toward normal line and when it leaves it bends away

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23
Q

what is the normal line

A

where light bends toward when entering medium andaway when leaving

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24
Q

triangle for angle of incidence and reflection,, and refractive index of material

A

sin(i)/

n x sinr

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25
what is refractive index
the refractive index relates to the speed of light in the material which is less than the speed of light in a vaccuum its always bigger than one and dffers based on material
26
equation for refractive index
speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in material
27
what is the speed of light in a vacuum
3x10^8 m/s
28
what is critical angle
the angle at which the inicident ray reflects back into the medium (total internal reflection)
29
what is total internal reflection
when the incident ray reflects all the way back into the glass
30
what are the conditions for total internal reflection
- light must be passing from a high refractive index to a low one (denser to less dense) - angle of incidence greater than critical angle
31
equation for critical angle
refractive index= 1/sin (critical angle)
32
what is optical fibre
thin rod of high quality glass very little light absorbed by glass light getting in at one end undergoes repeated total internal reflection, even when the fibre is bent, and emerges out the other end
33
uses of optical fibre
``` internet endoscopy (viewing internal organs) ```
34
converging lens
- thick in the middle - parallel light rays that enter the lens converge and come togther at a point on the principal axis called the focal point - the center of the lens is called the optical centre (c) - -the ray of light incident at the optical centre passes through without being bent
35
dispersion of light
when light slows down in refraction, different colours slow down by different amounts, which causes them to bend different amounts -dispersion can be used to seperate white light sinto its original colors
36
what are the colors of the light spectrum
roygbiv
37
wavelengths of light
the different colors have different wavelentghs and frequencies, red with largest and violet as shortest
38
what is monochromatic
a single color of light ray
39
what is the electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic waves form a spectrum of different wavelengths which nclude visible light, x rays and radio waves
40
what are the types of wavelength from longest to shortest wavelength/lowest to highest frequency
- radio waves - microwaves - infrared - visible light - ultraviolet - xrays - gamma rays
41
uses of radiowaves and microwaves
``` wireless communication heating food (at high intensity) ```
42
uses of infrared
remote controls, fibre optics, thermal imaging, night vision, motion sensor
43
uses of ultraviolet
suntans and fluorescent bulbs
44
xrays
xray images (at hospitals and airport security)
45
gamma rays
sterilising medical equipment and treating cancer
46
dangers of electromagnetic waves
high levels of microwaves can lead to heatig of internal organs xray gamma ray and ultraviolet can cause damage to living tissue
47
how to measure speed of sound
oscilloscope
48
equation for speed of sound
speed of sound = distance traveled by sound/ | time taken
49
what is the speed of sound by medium
travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases
50
typical speed of sound in gas
350m/s
51
typical speed of sound in liquid
500m/s
52
speed of sound in solid
1500m/s
53
what is diffraction
when waves meet a gap in a barrier, they carry on through the gap. However, the waves spread out to some extent in the areas beyond thegap The extent of the spreading depends on how the width of the gap compares to the wavelength of the waves. Significant diffraction only happens when the wavelength is of the same order of magnitude as the gap. So, for example: a gap much larger than the wavelength causes little spreading and a sharp shadow, eg light through a doorway a gap similar to the wavelength causes a lot of spreading with no sharp shadow, eg sound through a doorway
54
factors affecting diffraction
-gap is smaller than wavelentgh of the wave
55
what are sound waves
- consist of vibrating molecues - type of longitudinal wave - require a medium to travel
56
what affects the loudness of a sound
greater amplitude = greater sound
57
what affects pitch of sound
higher frequency=higherpitch
58
what is an echo
reflection of sound
59
what are compression
where molecules are bunched up ina longitudinal wave
60
what is rarefaction
where the molecules are spread out in a longitudinal wave
61
what is the hearing range for humans
20-20000Hz
62
what is ultrasound
sound with frequency higher than 20000Hz
63
uses of ultrasound
- industrial cleaning - breakiing down kidney stones - quality control of industrial machines
64
wavespeed in a vaccuum (no matter what)
3x10^8 m/s

IGCSE Physics (12 decks)

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