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3rd year > wbc non neoplastic disorders > Flashcards

wbc non neoplastic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

actual count of a specific type of WBC

A

absolute count

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2
Q

number of specific type of WBC in relation to total WBC count

A

relative count

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3
Q

increased cell count suffix

A

-philia, -cytosis

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4
Q

decreased number of cells suffix

A

-penia

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5
Q

WBC diff count reference range (number)

A

3.6-10.6 x 10^9/L

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6
Q

relative count and absolute count for neutrophils

A

rc: 50-70%
absolute ct: 1.7-7.5 x 10^9/L

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7
Q

relative count and absolute count for eosinophils

A

rc: 1-3%
absolute ct: 0-0.3 x 10^9/L

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8
Q

relative count and absolute count for lymphocytes

A

rc: 18-42%
absolute ct: 1.0-3.2 x 10^9/L

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9
Q

relative count and absolute count for monocytes

A

rc: 2-11%
absolute ct: 0.1-1.3 x 10^9/L

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10
Q

relative count and absolute count for basophils

A

rc: 0-2%
absolute ct: 0-0.2 x 10^9/L

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11
Q

high count of neutrophils may indicate?

A
  • bacterial infxns
  • stress
  • burns
  • inflammation
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12
Q

high count of eosinophils may indicate?

A
  • allergies
  • parasitic infxn
  • autoimmune diseases
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13
Q

high count of lymphocytes may indicate?

A
  • viral infections
  • leukemias
  • infectious mononucleosis
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14
Q

high count of monocytes may indicate?

A
  • viral/fungal infections
  • tuberculosis
  • other leukemias and chronic disease
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15
Q

high count of basophils may indicate?

A
  • allergic rxns
  • leukemias
  • cancers
  • hypothyroidism
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16
Q

low count neutrophils

A
  • radiation exposure
  • drug toxicity
  • vitamin B12
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
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17
Q

low count lymphocyte

A
  • prolonged illness (HIV)
  • immunosuppression
  • treatment with cortisol
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18
Q

low count monocytes

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • treatment with cortisol
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19
Q

low count eosinophils

A
  • drug toxicity
  • stress
  • allergic reactions
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20
Q

low count basophils

A
  • pregnancy
  • ovulation
  • stress
  • hypothyroidism
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21
Q

decrease in the count of total WBC count (<4 x 10^9/L)

A

leukopenia

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22
Q

two classifications of proliferative quantitative WBC disorders (> 11 x 10^9/L)

A
  • neoplastic (malignant)
  • reactive (physiologic, pathologic)
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23
Q

two neutrophil compartments

A
  • mitotic compartment
  • maturation compartment
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24
Q

cells in mitotic compartment (neutrophils)

A
  • myeloblast
  • myelocyte
  • promyelocyte
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25
Q

cells in maturation compartment (not capable of mitosis)

A
  • metamyelocyte
  • band neutrophils
  • segmented neutrophils
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26
Q

maturation compartmet is further divided into two compartments

A
  • circulating compartment
  • marginating compartment (immediate source, undergoes diapedesis)
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27
Q

this happens when neutrophils migrate from the blood vessels going to the tissue where the inflammation/infxn happens

A

neutrophil extravasation (diapedesis)

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28
Q

neutrophil functions (3)

A
  • phagocytosis of foreign material
  • generation of neutrophil extracellular traps
  • secretor function in relation to release of granules (cytotoxic enzymes, chemicals for degradation)
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29
Q

neutrophilia important values

A
  • leukocytosis 15-30 x 10^9/L
  • 70% neutrophils
  • adults >7.0 x 10^9/L
  • children >8.5 x 10^9/L
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30
Q

causes of neutrophilia

A
  • catecholamine-induced shift from marginating pool –> circulating pool
  • increased bone marrow production of neutrophils (left shift –> presence of immature neutrophils)
  • transfer from bone marrow storage pool –> circulating pool

true neutrophilia = related to infxns

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31
Q

caused by acute and chronic infxns, metabolic disease, or inflammation/occur as part of inflammatory response to malignancy

A

leukemoid reaction (reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis >50 x 10^9/L)

  • accompanied with a shift to the left
32
Q

differentiation of neutrophilia (2)

A
  • cytogenetic testing (chromosomal abnormalities)
  • cytochemical testing (staining reactions)

–> LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (LAP)
- LR: increased
- chronic myeloid leukemia: decreased

33
Q

simultaneous presence of immature neutrophils, nucleated red blood cells, and teardrop red blood cells (dacryocytes)

A

leukoerythroblastic reaction

34
Q

possible causes of leukoerythroblastic reaction

A
  • space-occupying lesions in bone marrow
  • primary myelofibrosis
35
Q

decrease leukocytes or neutrophils

A

neutropenia

36
Q

neutropenia important values

A
  • white adults <2.0 x 10^9
  • black adults <1.3 x 10^9
  • severe neutropenia <0.5 x 10^9/L
  • agranulocytosis <0.1 x 10^9/L
37
Q

causes of neutropenia

A
  • increased rate of removal/destruction of peripheral blood neutrophils
  • fewer neutrophils released from bone marrow –> circulation
  • decreased ratio of circulating vs marginal pool of neutrophils
38
Q

occurrence of neutropenia starting infancy with periodic alteration of neutrophil count

A

cyclic neutropenia

39
Q

reduced BM myeloid reserve pool; reduced mitotic pool

A

chronic benign neutropenia

40
Q

inability to release mature granulocytes; all neutrophils are inside the bone marrow

A

congenital neutropenia (myelokathexis type)

41
Q

maternal IgG crosses the placenta and binds to paternal human neutrophil antigens (MNA) on fetal leukocytes

A

neonatal alloimmune neutropenia
–> IgG2 cannot cross placenta

42
Q

IgG antibodies against one or more MNA

A

autoimmune neutropenia

43
Q

drugs that cause neutropenia

A
  • chemotherapeutic agents
  • anti-inflammatory drugs
  • anti-thyroid
  • anti-bacterial
  • phenothiazines
44
Q

main functions of eosinophils (3)

A
  • host protective
  • proinflammatory
  • immunoregulatory
  • parasitic infxns

–> poor phagocytes

45
Q

eosinophilia important values

A

> 0.4 x 10^9/L
–> parasitic infection (Charcot-Leyden crystals)
–> allergic reaction

46
Q

mutation in STAT3 gene (controls the growth, division, movement, and self-destruction of eosinophils)

A

hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (job’s syndrome)

47
Q

triad of job’s syndrome

A
  • eosinophilia
  • increased serum IgE (>2000 IU/mL)
  • recurrent skin and pulmonary infxns
48
Q

induced by stress (increased glucocorticoids)

A

eosinopenia

49
Q

major effector mediators

A

basophils

50
Q

increase vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction (major effector mediators produced by basophils)

A

histamine

51
Q

promotes Th2 lymphocyte differentiation, promotes IgE production

A

IL-4, IL-13

52
Q

two types of basophils

A

IgE dependent and Non-IgE dependent

53
Q

immediate hypersensitivty reaction (minutes after repeat exposure to antigen)

A

vasoactive amines, lipid mediators

54
Q

late phase reaction (2-4 hours after repeat exposure to antigen)

A

cytokines

55
Q

hormones affecting basophilia (3)

A
  • ACTH
  • progesterone
  • thyroid hormones
56
Q

causes of basophilia

A
  • chronic myeloid leukemia
  • immediate hypersensitivity rxn
  • lymphoproliferative disorders
  • mastocytosis
  • post splenectomy
  • viral infxns (chicken pox, small pox)
57
Q

functions of monocytes

A
  • inflammation
  • infxn
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • immunologic conditionsm
58
Q

monocytosis important values

A

neonates: >3.5 x 10^9/L
adults: >1.0 x 10^9/L

59
Q

bacterial infections causing monocytosis

A
  • tuberculosis
  • bacterial endocarditis
  • brucellosis
60
Q

protozoal infections causing monocytosis

A
  • malaria
  • Kala-Azar
61
Q

spirochetal infections causing monocytosis

A
  • syphilis
62
Q

rickettsial infections causing monocytosis

A
  • typhus
  • rocky mountain fever
63
Q

inflammatory bowel disease that causes monocytosis

A
  • ulcerative colitis
  • Crohn disease
64
Q

autoimmune diseases causing monocytosis

A
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
  • rheumatoid arthritis
65
Q

hematologic malginancies that causes monocytosis

A
  • acute monocytic leukemia
  • Hodgkin lymphoma
  • multiple myeloma
66
Q

monocytopenia important values

A
  • <2.2 x 10^9/L
    –> lineage cytopenia
    –> steroid therapy
    –> epstein-barr virus
67
Q

lymphocytosis important values

A

children: >10.0 x 10^9/L
adults: >5.0 x 10^9L (20-40% in circulating WBC)

68
Q

viral infections that cause lymphocytosis

A
  • infectious mononucleosis
  • mumps
  • measles
  • chicken pox
  • infectious hepatitis

–> toxoplasmosis
–> parasitic infxns

69
Q

hematologic malignancies that cause lymphocytosis

A
  • Hairy cell leukemia
  • chronic lymphocytic leukemia
70
Q

infection caused Epstein-Barr virus

A

infectious mononucleosis

71
Q

considered as one of most important causes of congenital viral infxn

A

cytomegalovirus

72
Q

caused by Toxoplasma gondii

A

toxoplasmosis

73
Q

relatively fragile cells, and as a result, can be squeezed out of shape by surrounding cells, giving them a scalloped appearance instead of smooth cytoplasmic edge

A

reactic lymphocytosis

74
Q

causative agent of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

leukocytosis: 100 x 10^9/L
lymphocytosis: 50 x 10^9/L

75
Q

lymphocytopenia important values

A

adults: <1.0 x 10^9 / L
children: <2.0 x 10^9 / L

76
Q

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A

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3rd year (3 decks)

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