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wbc non neoplastic disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

actual count of a specific type of WBC

A

absolute count

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2
Q

number of specific type of WBC in relation to total WBC count

A

relative count

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3
Q

increased cell count suffix

A

-philia, -cytosis

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4
Q

decreased number of cells suffix

A

-penia

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5
Q

WBC diff count reference range (number)

A

3.6-10.6 x 10^9/L

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6
Q

relative count and absolute count for neutrophils

A

rc: 50-70%
absolute ct: 1.7-7.5 x 10^9/L

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7
Q

relative count and absolute count for eosinophils

A

rc: 1-3%
absolute ct: 0-0.3 x 10^9/L

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8
Q

relative count and absolute count for lymphocytes

A

rc: 18-42%
absolute ct: 1.0-3.2 x 10^9/L

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9
Q

relative count and absolute count for monocytes

A

rc: 2-11%
absolute ct: 0.1-1.3 x 10^9/L

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10
Q

relative count and absolute count for basophils

A

rc: 0-2%
absolute ct: 0-0.2 x 10^9/L

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11
Q

high count of neutrophils may indicate?

A
  • bacterial infxns
  • stress
  • burns
  • inflammation
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12
Q

high count of eosinophils may indicate?

A
  • allergies
  • parasitic infxn
  • autoimmune diseases
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13
Q

high count of lymphocytes may indicate?

A
  • viral infections
  • leukemias
  • infectious mononucleosis
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14
Q

high count of monocytes may indicate?

A
  • viral/fungal infections
  • tuberculosis
  • other leukemias and chronic disease
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15
Q

high count of basophils may indicate?

A
  • allergic rxns
  • leukemias
  • cancers
  • hypothyroidism
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16
Q

low count neutrophils

A
  • radiation exposure
  • drug toxicity
  • vitamin B12
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
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17
Q

low count lymphocyte

A
  • prolonged illness (HIV)
  • immunosuppression
  • treatment with cortisol
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18
Q

low count monocytes

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • treatment with cortisol
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19
Q

low count eosinophils

A
  • drug toxicity
  • stress
  • allergic reactions
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20
Q

low count basophils

A
  • pregnancy
  • ovulation
  • stress
  • hypothyroidism
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21
Q

decrease in the count of total WBC count (<4 x 10^9/L)

A

leukopenia

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22
Q

two classifications of proliferative quantitative WBC disorders (> 11 x 10^9/L)

A
  • neoplastic (malignant)
  • reactive (physiologic, pathologic)
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23
Q

two neutrophil compartments

A
  • mitotic compartment
  • maturation compartment
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24
Q

cells in mitotic compartment (neutrophils)

A
  • myeloblast
  • myelocyte
  • promyelocyte
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25
cells in maturation compartment (not capable of mitosis)
- metamyelocyte - band neutrophils - segmented neutrophils
26
maturation compartmet is further divided into two compartments
- circulating compartment - marginating compartment (immediate source, undergoes diapedesis)
27
this happens when neutrophils migrate from the blood vessels going to the tissue where the inflammation/infxn happens
neutrophil extravasation (diapedesis)
28
neutrophil functions (3)
- phagocytosis of foreign material - generation of neutrophil extracellular traps - secretor function in relation to release of granules (cytotoxic enzymes, chemicals for degradation)
29
neutrophilia important values
- leukocytosis 15-30 x 10^9/L - 70% neutrophils - adults >7.0 x 10^9/L - children >8.5 x 10^9/L
30
causes of neutrophilia
- catecholamine-induced shift from marginating pool --> circulating pool - increased bone marrow production of neutrophils (left shift --> presence of immature neutrophils) - transfer from bone marrow storage pool --> circulating pool true neutrophilia = related to infxns
31
caused by acute and chronic infxns, metabolic disease, or inflammation/occur as part of inflammatory response to malignancy
leukemoid reaction (reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis >50 x 10^9/L) - accompanied with a shift to the left
32
differentiation of neutrophilia (2)
- cytogenetic testing (chromosomal abnormalities) - cytochemical testing (staining reactions) --> LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (LAP) - LR: increased - chronic myeloid leukemia: decreased
33
simultaneous presence of immature neutrophils, nucleated red blood cells, and teardrop red blood cells (dacryocytes)
leukoerythroblastic reaction
34
possible causes of leukoerythroblastic reaction
- space-occupying lesions in bone marrow - primary myelofibrosis
35
decrease leukocytes or neutrophils
neutropenia
36
neutropenia important values
- white adults <2.0 x 10^9 - black adults <1.3 x 10^9 - severe neutropenia <0.5 x 10^9/L - agranulocytosis <0.1 x 10^9/L
37
causes of neutropenia
- increased rate of removal/destruction of peripheral blood neutrophils - fewer neutrophils released from bone marrow --> circulation - decreased ratio of circulating vs marginal pool of neutrophils
38
occurrence of neutropenia starting infancy with periodic alteration of neutrophil count
cyclic neutropenia
39
reduced BM myeloid reserve pool; reduced mitotic pool
chronic benign neutropenia
40
inability to release mature granulocytes; all neutrophils are inside the bone marrow
congenital neutropenia (myelokathexis type)
41
maternal IgG crosses the placenta and binds to paternal human neutrophil antigens (MNA) on fetal leukocytes
neonatal alloimmune neutropenia --> IgG2 cannot cross placenta
42
IgG antibodies against one or more MNA
autoimmune neutropenia
43
drugs that cause neutropenia
- chemotherapeutic agents - anti-inflammatory drugs - anti-thyroid - anti-bacterial - phenothiazines
44
main functions of eosinophils (3)
- host protective - proinflammatory - immunoregulatory - parasitic infxns --> poor phagocytes
45
eosinophilia important values
> 0.4 x 10^9/L --> parasitic infection (Charcot-Leyden crystals) --> allergic reaction
46
mutation in STAT3 gene (controls the growth, division, movement, and self-destruction of eosinophils)
hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (job's syndrome)
47
triad of job's syndrome
- eosinophilia - increased serum IgE (>2000 IU/mL) - recurrent skin and pulmonary infxns
48
induced by stress (increased glucocorticoids)
eosinopenia
49
major effector mediators
basophils
50
increase vascular permeability and induce smooth muscle contraction (major effector mediators produced by basophils)
histamine
51
promotes Th2 lymphocyte differentiation, promotes IgE production
IL-4, IL-13
52
two types of basophils
IgE dependent and Non-IgE dependent
53
immediate hypersensitivty reaction (minutes after repeat exposure to antigen)
vasoactive amines, lipid mediators
54
late phase reaction (2-4 hours after repeat exposure to antigen)
cytokines
55
hormones affecting basophilia (3)
- ACTH - progesterone - thyroid hormones
56
causes of basophilia
- chronic myeloid leukemia - immediate hypersensitivity rxn - lymphoproliferative disorders - mastocytosis - post splenectomy - viral infxns (chicken pox, small pox)
57
functions of monocytes
- inflammation - infxn - hypersensitivity reactions - immunologic conditionsm
58
monocytosis important values
neonates: >3.5 x 10^9/L adults: >1.0 x 10^9/L
59
bacterial infections causing monocytosis
- tuberculosis - bacterial endocarditis - brucellosis
60
protozoal infections causing monocytosis
- malaria - Kala-Azar
61
spirochetal infections causing monocytosis
- syphilis
62
rickettsial infections causing monocytosis
- typhus - rocky mountain fever
63
inflammatory bowel disease that causes monocytosis
- ulcerative colitis - Crohn disease
64
autoimmune diseases causing monocytosis
- systemic lupus erythematosus - rheumatoid arthritis
65
hematologic malginancies that causes monocytosis
- acute monocytic leukemia - Hodgkin lymphoma - multiple myeloma
66
monocytopenia important values
- <2.2 x 10^9/L --> lineage cytopenia --> steroid therapy --> epstein-barr virus
67
lymphocytosis important values
children: >10.0 x 10^9/L adults: >5.0 x 10^9L (20-40% in circulating WBC)
68
viral infections that cause lymphocytosis
- infectious mononucleosis - mumps - measles - chicken pox - infectious hepatitis --> toxoplasmosis --> parasitic infxns
69
hematologic malignancies that cause lymphocytosis
- Hairy cell leukemia - chronic lymphocytic leukemia
70
infection caused Epstein-Barr virus
infectious mononucleosis
71
considered as one of most important causes of congenital viral infxn
cytomegalovirus
72
caused by Toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis
73
relatively fragile cells, and as a result, can be squeezed out of shape by surrounding cells, giving them a scalloped appearance instead of smooth cytoplasmic edge
reactic lymphocytosis
74
causative agent of whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis leukocytosis: 100 x 10^9/L lymphocytosis: 50 x 10^9/L
75
lymphocytopenia important values
adults: <1.0 x 10^9 / L children: <2.0 x 10^9 / L
76
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