Weather Minima Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
What does ‘Required Visual Reference’ mean?
A
It refers to the portion of the approach area of the runway or visual aids that help the pilot assess
This is crucial for pilots to maintain situational awareness while landing.
2
Q
Define ‘Runway Visual Range (RVR)’
A
The range over which the pilot can expect to see the runway surface markings or lights delineating the runway or identifying the centerline.
RVR is an important measure for safe landing visibility.
3
Q
What does ‘From (FM)’ indicate in weather forecasting?
A
permanent change to the forecast that will occur rapidly.
This term is used when immediate changes in weather conditions are expected.
4
Q
Explain the term ‘Becoming (BECMG)’ in weather forecasts.
A
(normally 1 to 2 hours but not more than 4 hours).
This term is applicable when only one or at most two groups are expected to change.
5
Q
What is the criteria for using ‘Temporary (TEMPO)’ in forecasts?
A
It is used when the modified forecast condition is expected to last less than 1 hour and, if expected to recur, will not cover more than half the forecast period.
If the condition lasts more than 1 hour, FM or BECMG must be used instead.
6
Q
When is ‘Probability (PROB)’ used in forecasts?
A
It indicates a probability of occurrence of alternative values of forecast groups when the probability is 30% or more but less than 50%.
If the probability is 50% or more, it will be indicated by BECMG, TEMPO, or FM.
7
Q
Fill in the blank: The term ‘From (FM)’ is used for a _______ change to the forecast that will occur rapidly.
A
[permanent]
8
Q
Fill in the blank: The term ‘Becoming (BECMG)’ is used when conditions are expected to evolve over a period of _______ to _______ hours.
A
[1, 2]
9
Q
True or False: ‘Temporary (TEMPO)’ can be used when the modified condition is expected to last for more than 1 hour.
A
False
If the modified condition lasts more than 1 hour, FM or BECMG must be used.
10
Q
What is the maximum probability percentage for using ‘Probability (PROB)’ in forecasts?
A
49%
If the probability is 50% or more, other terms such as BECMG, TEMPO, or FM must be used.
11
Q
What must airport operators in Canada state when ground operations occur below RVR 2600?
A
The runways that can be used for ground operations
RVR stands for Runway Visual Range, a measurement of visibility conditions.
12
Q
Where can each runway end’s published level of service be found?
A
In the Canada Flight Supplement (RWY DATA section)
This section provides information on runway service levels under low visibility conditions.
13
Q
What is the significance of ‘no entry’ in the context of runway service levels?
A
‘No entry’ is assumed to only mean ½ SM or greater is authorized
This indicates that if a runway does not have a specified service level, it is considered safe for visibility conditions of ½ SM or better.
14
Q
What are Reduced Visibility Operations Procedures?
A
2600 - 1200
These procedures are implemented when visibility is significantly reduced.
15
Q
What are Low Visibility Operations Procedures?
A
1200 - RVR 600
These procedures are more stringent due to extremely low visibility conditions.
16
Q
What factors do specific procedures vary by during low visibility operations?
A
Whether the flight is arriving or departing and whether Air Traffic Control is present
Different procedures are necessary based on the type of operation and the presence of ATC.
17
Q
What does CAR 602.126 specify regarding takeoffs for all aircraft?
A
Takeoffs are governed by visibility and IFR takeoffs are prohibited when takeoff visibility is below the minimum specified in the AOC or Jeppesen chart.
18
Q
When is takeoff visibility considered insufficient for IFR takeoffs?
A
When it is below the minimum specified in the AOC or the Jeppesen chart.
19
Q
Who reports the ground visibility of an aerodrome?
A
ATC, FSS, CARS, or a ground-based radio station by an air carrier.
20
Q
What is the first criterion for determining takeoff visibility?
A
The reported RVR of the runway to be used.
21
Q
What happens if the reported RVR is fluctuating or less than the minimum due to a localized phenomenon?
A
The second criterion is used.
22
Q
What is the second criterion for takeoff visibility?
A
The reported ground visibility of the aerodrome.
23
Q
What is the third criterion for takeoff visibility when the first two are unavailable?
A
The visibility for the runway of departure as observed by the Pilot-in-Command.
24
Q
Who is responsible for ensuring compliance with RVOP/LVOP rules at uncontrolled airports?
A
Pilots.
25
True or False: FSS will stop pilots from taxiing if visibility is too low at uncontrolled airports.
False.
26
What are the takeoff minima for reported visibility at RVR 600 ft?
Takeoff minima of no reported ceiling and visibility RVR 600 is authorized for select airports under specific conditions.
27
What must the Captain ensure by referencing the Route Manual and/or Aircraft Flight Manual?
All performance criteria for the runway of departure are met.
28
What are the takeoff alternate aerodrome weather minima requirements?
They shall meet the alternate requirements set out in the CAPGEN.
29
What equipment is required on the runway for RVR 600 ft takeoff?
The runway must have:
* Serviceable high intensity runway lights
* Runway centreline lights
* Centreline markings visible to the Pilot
* At least two transmissometers/visibility sensors reading not less than RVR 600 ft
- T/O ALT
30
What is the requirement if three transmissometers are available and one is unserviceable?
Takeoff is authorized if the transmissometers at the approach end and departure end read not less than RVR 600 ft.
31
What must the Captain confirm regarding visibility before commencing takeoff?
The required RVR 600 ft visibility exists for the runway to be used.
32
What features must the Captain’s and First Officer’s attitude instruments have?
They must incorporate pitch attitude index lines and be capable of depicting total aeroplane attitude.
33
What is required for essential instruments during reduced visibility takeoffs?
An approved failure warning system must be installed and operative.
34
What training is required for the Captain and First Officer?
Training in accordance with CASS 725.124(26) – Lower than Standard Takeoff Weather Minima.
35
What is the certification requirement for the Captain and First Officer regarding RVR 600 ft takeoff?
They must be checked within the preceding 12 months in an approved synthetic training device.
36
What is the minimum PIC experience requirement for the Captain?
At least 100 hours of PIC experience on type.
37
What is the restriction on RVR 600 takeoffs?
They are restricted to be carried out by the Captain only, except for training purposes.
38
What is calculated by Aerodata as part of the TLR?
Departure one engine inoperative climb gradient and obstacle clearance.
39
What are the weather minima requirements for the takeoff alternate aerodrome?
They must meet the alternate requirements set out in the CAPGEN
## Footnote
These requirements are reproduced in the chapter.
40
What lighting or markings must the runway have for 1200 RVR takeoff?
At least one of the following:
* Serviceable and functioning high intensity runway lights
* Runway centreline lights
* Runway centreline markings plainly visible to the pilot
41
What must the attitude instruments for the Captain and First Officer include?
Pitch attitude index lines in appropriate increments above and below the zero-pitch reference line to at least 15°
## Footnote
They must ensure ready depiction of total aeroplane attitude.
42
What training must pilots undergo according to CASS 725.124(26)?
Training for Lower than Standard Takeoff Weather Minima
## Footnote
This is a requirement for pilots involved in such operations.
43
Who calculates the departure one engine inoperative climb gradient and obstacle clearance?
Aerodata
## Footnote
This calculation is part of the TLR.
44
Where can more information about Aerodata Performance be found?
In the Aerodata Performance Handbook and Chapter 3, Annex 3
45
What is the minimum takeoff visibility for a new Captain?
RVR 2600 or ½ mile visibility until completion of the first 100 hours PIC.
46
What is the minimum takeoff visibility for a previously qualified Captain who has just been qualified on a new aircraft type?
RVR 2600 or ½ mile visibility until completion of the first 100 hours PIC.
47
What is a takeoff alternate?
A takeoff alternate is an airport designated for use if the weather conditions at the departure airport are at or above takeoff limits but below landing limits.
48
What conditions must be met for a takeoff to be conducted?
Weather conditions must be at or above takeoff limits but lower than published landing limits for the runway.
49
What does CAR 705.34 require for a takeoff alternate?
A suitable airport meeting alternate airport weather limits, within 60 minutes flying distance at one engine inoperative cruise speed.
50
How are distances to takeoff alternates calculated according to CAR?
Distances are computed in still air conditions, not accounting for wind effects.
51
What must be complied with when departing from U.S. airports under specific weather conditions?
Compliance with U.S. Ops Spec is required, which specifies the same standards as CAR.
52
What is the maximum distance to the takeoff alternate aerodrome for the E195-E2?
The distance must be no more than 310 NM.
53
What must be included in the Operational Flight Plan if an alternate aerodrome is required?
It must specify the alternate aerodrome for departure.
54
What are the standard takeoff minimums in the U.S.?
1 SM visibility or RVR 5000
55
When are RVR reports required for takeoff operations in the U.S?
When available for a particular runway
56
For operations at or above RVR 1600, which RVR report is controlling in U.S?
The touchdown zone (TDZ) RVR report
57
What can be used if the TDZ report is unavailable for operations at or above RVR 1600 n U.S?
The mid RVR report
58
What is required for takeoff operations below RVR 1600 in U.S?
A minimum of two operating RVR systems
59
What must pilots not do when a published takeoff minimum is greater than the applicable standard takeoff minimum in U.S?
Use a takeoff minimum lower than the published minimum
60
What visual aids are required to use a visibility of ¼ SM or TDZ RVR 1600 in U.S?
At least one of the following:
* Serviceable high intensity runway lights (HIRL)
* Serviceable runway centreline lights (CL)
* Visible runway centreline marking (RCLM)
* Other runway markings or lighting for adequate visual reference
61
What RVR values can be used with specific visual aids during daylight hours in U.S?
TDZ RVR 1200, mid RVR 1200, and rollout RVR 1000
62
What must be present for using TDZ RVR 1000, mid RVR 1000, and rollout RVR 1000 in U.S?
RVR equipment and either serviceable runway CL lights or serviceable HIRL and RCLM
63
What RVR values can be used if all visual aids are available in U.S?
TDZ RVR 600, mid RVR 600, and rollout RVR 600
64
What are the required visual aids for using TDZ RVR 600, mid RVR 600, and rollout RVR 600 in U.S?
Serviceable HIRL and serviceable runway CL lights
65
True or False: The far-end RVR value is controlling when reported.
False
66
What must pilots conform to when flying an approach?
The limits specified in:
* the Air Operator Certificate
* the Manual of All Weather Operations (Categories II and III)
## Footnote
These documents outline the operational minima and procedures for various weather conditions.
67
What must the Captain ascertain before landing during an instrument approach?
The condition of the intended landing surface and the wind direction and speed
## Footnote
This ensures safety and readiness for a safe landing.
68
Can pilots cancel IFR on the approach?
No, except at airports identified as acceptable to do so in the Company Route Manual
## Footnote
This is only allowed if there is an operational advantage.
69
What should pilots not do while in flight regarding alerting services?
Pilots are not to cancel alerting services under any circumstances
## Footnote
This maintains communication and safety until the flight is completed.
70
When can pilots close the flight plan?
Once on the ground
## Footnote
This is a standard procedure to ensure the flight is officially concluded.
71
Does Porter Airlines conduct circling approaches?
No
72
What is the minimum altitude for descent on an approach for cloud breaking procedures?
1000 ft AGL
73
What is the minimum reported visibility required for cloud breaking procedures?
3 SM
74
What does ATC term 'circling approach' refer to when pilots maneuver above 1000 ft AGL?
'Visual manoeuvring'
75
How is a circling approach defined by the AIM Canada?
Any approach that is not suitable for a straight-in landing
76
What defines a straight-in approach?
A normal rate of descent can be made from the FAF to the runway threshold and the final approach track intersects the extended runway centreline within 30 degrees
77
What does the publication of only circling minima imply for pilots?
It does not preclude pilots from landing straight-in if the required visual reference is available
78
Fill in the blank: A circling approach is any approach that is not suitable for a _______.
straight-in landing
79
True or False: Pilots can only land using circling minima published.
False
80
What is the minimum visibility requirement for executing an instrument approach procedure in the U.S.?
reported visibility is less than that prescribed by the published instrument approach procedure.
81
What should a pilot do if they receive a weather report indicating below minimum conditions after passing the FAF in the U.S.?
The approach may be continued and a landing made if weather conditions are equal or better than the prescribed minimums upon reaching MDA or DH.
82
What are the authorized precision CAT I landing minima for the Company in the U.S.?
200 ft and 1800 RVR, provided the FD or AP is engaged in approach mode.
83
What hierarchy applies to visibility reports for arrivals at U.S. airports?
* Touchdown zone (TDZ) RVR report
* Mid RVR report if the TDZ RVR is not reported
* Ground Visibility (METAR/SPECI) if TDZ and mid RVR are not reported.
84
What visibility values are not authorized for use in the U.S. in the U.S.?
Visibility values below ½ SM are not authorized and must not be used.
85
Are fluctuations above and below minima authorized in the U.S.?
No, fluctuations above and below minima are not authorized.
86
For Category II operations in the U.S., what is the standard minimum TDZ RVR?
1200 RVR.
87
What are the minimum RVR reports required for E195-E2 aircraft under the Company’s CAT II U.S. Ops Spec?
* 1200 (TDZ)
* 600 (Mid)
* 300 (Rollout), with Company minimums requiring Rollout RVR to be at least 600 RVR.
88
What must pilots verify before beginning the final approach segment in the U.S.?
The latest controlling RVR reports for the landing runway must be at or above the minimums authorized for the operation, including a maximum crosswind of 15 knots.
89
What are the requirements for Category II RVR operations in the U.S.?
* All available RVR reports for the runway of intended landing are controlling
* Touchdown (TDZ) RVR report is required
* Mid RVR report is not required
* Rollout RVR report is required for operations at and below 1200 RVR.
90
What is required if the mid and rollout RVR reports are unavailable in the U.S.?
The TDZ RVR report must be at least 1400 RVR.
91
What is the requirement for rollout RVR if it is unavailable in the U.S.?
A mid or far end RVR report may be substituted; mid RVR must be 600 RVR or greater.
92
Is ground visibility substitution authorized in Category II operations in the U.S.?
No, ground visibility substitution is not authorized.
93
True or False: Only RVR reports for the runway of intended landing may be used in the U.S?.
True.
94
Fill in the blank: Pilots must carefully reference the approach plate for any other ______ specific to that particular approach.
[limitations]
95
What can impose an Approach Ban?
Runway Visual Range (RVR), reported runway visibility, or reported ground visibility below specified values
## Footnote
RVR reports take precedence over runway visibility and ground visibility reports.
96
Which type of visibility report takes precedence in an Approach Ban?
RVR report
## Footnote
A runway visibility report takes precedence over a ground visibility report.
97
At what latitude does a ground visibility report impose an Approach Ban?
South of 60°N latitude
98
What is the required visibility value based on for Approach Ban?
Published plate visibility for the approach being flown
99
What are the two categories of Approach Ban?
* General approach ban (CAR 700.10)
* Reduced approach ban (Special Authorization)
100
What is the general approach ban for instrument approaches?
In effect when RVR, runway visibility, or ground visibility is below 75% of approach plate visibility
## Footnote
Pilots apply this ban when 50% approach ban requirements are not met.
101
What does the Special Authorization allow regarding approach bans?
Conduct IFR approaches at reduced visibility values down to 50% of approach plate visibility
## Footnote
Special Authorization is per CAR 705.48.
102
What are the conditions for a precision approach under Special Authorization on Approach Ban?
* Both pilots qualified for CAT II precision approach
* Approach flown using autopilot or PMA with Flight Director
* Aerodrome equipped with HIAL, HIRL, and HICL
103
What conditions must be met for APV and non-precision approaches under Special Authorization on Approach Ban?
* Approach flown using autopilot or PMA procedures
* Meets “straight-in” minima criteria
* For SCDA non-precision approach:
* Final approach course within 15 degrees of runway centreline
* Planned constant descent angle of 2.9 to 3.5 degrees
104
What applies if the conditions for a Special Authorization are not met for Approach Ban?
The 75% approach ban shall apply
105
What are the exceptions to the applicable approach ban?
* Aircraft past the FAF inbound
* Training flights conducting a missed approach
* Fluctuating RVR or ground visibility values
* Localized phenomenon affecting visibility, provided flight visibility on the approach path is adequate
106
True or False: The Approach Ban is applicable at airports in all countries.
False
## Footnote
The Approach Ban is only applicable at Canadian airports.
107
What does CAR 700.11 state regarding Category II precision approaches?
No Pilot conducting a Category II precision approach shall continue the approach beyond the FAF inbound unless the RVR is equal to or greater than the minimum RVR specified in the Canada Air Pilot.
108
What must pilots consider before continuing a Category II approach beyond the FAF?
The RVR must be equal to or greater than the minimum RVR specified in the Canada Air Pilot.
109
Where can RVR limitations for the Embraer 195-E2 be found?
In the AOC.
110
What is the requirement for pilots at U.S. airports before beginning the final approach segment?
The latest controlling RVR reports for the landing runway must be at or above the minimums authorized for the operation.
111
What maximum crosswind must be considered for operations at U.S. airports during final approach for CAT 2?
15 knots.
112
True or False: Pilots can continue the approach if the RVR is below the minimum specified for CAT 2.
False
113
What is the requirement for a missed approach?
Descent and continued operation below the published DH or MDA is not authorized unless the required visual reference is obtained.
114
What should pilots do if there is heavy freezing precipitation at an aerodrome in flight to destination?
Pilots will not attempt a landing.
115
Under what conditions should the final approach not be continued?
In turbulence of such intensity that the flight path cannot be continued with adequate precision and safety.
116
Can a pilot land under IFR if the weather conditions reported are less than those approved for the landing runway?
No, regardless of any clearance from ATC.
117
True or False: Flights are obliged to land when weather observations give visibility at or above minima over other safety considerations.
False.
118
What are visual and contact approaches?
Procedures pilots may conduct for arriving at an airport
119
Can pilots cancel their IFR flight plan at any airport?
No, only at airports specially identified in the Company Route Manual
120
What is required for pilots to proceed VFR to the destination airport?
Both pilots must have the airport in sight and the Captain must ensure the airport remains in sight for the duration
121
Are VFR departures to obtain an IFR clearance airborne permitted?
No, they are not permitted
122
What must pilots not cancel when cancelling an IFR flight plan?
Alerting Services and only on the ground
123
What is required for visual and contact approaches?
Specific authorization from Air Traffic Control
124
Does a clearance to conduct 'an approach' at an uncontrolled aerodrome authorize a visual or contact approach?
No, a specific clearance for a 'visual' or 'contact' approach is required
125
What is a visual approach in aviation?
An approach where an IFR aircraft operates in VMC, under ATC control, proceeding to the destination airport without completing a full instrument approach
## Footnote
This provides operational advantages and eliminates the need for IFR separation criteria.
126
What are the visibility and ceiling requirements for a visual approach in Canada?
Ground visibility of at least 3 SM and a reported ceiling of at least 500 ft above the established minimum IFR altitude
## Footnote
These requirements ensure safe operations in visual meteorological conditions.
127
What are the visibility and ceiling requirements for a visual approach in the USA?
Ground visibility of at least 3 SM and a reported ceiling of at least 1000 ft
## Footnote
These conditions must be met for an IFR aircraft to request or accept a visual approach.
128
What must pilots report to initiate a visual approach?
Pilots must report sighting the airport
## Footnote
This applies to both controlled and uncontrolled airports.
129
What responsibilities do pilots have at controlled airports when granted a visual approach?
* Maintain visual separation from the preceding aircraft
* Ensure adequate wake turbulence separation
* Navigate to the final approach
* Adhere to noise abatement procedures
* Comply with restrictions in Class F airspace
## Footnote
These responsibilities are critical for maintaining safety and efficiency.
130
What additional separation must pilots maintain at uncontrolled airports during a visual approach?
Maintain appropriate separation from VFR traffic
## Footnote
This traffic may not be known to ATC, increasing the pilot's responsibility.
131
What is a key difference between a visual approach and an instrument approach?
A visual approach has no missed approach segment
## Footnote
This means that if a go-around is necessary, specific procedures must be followed.
132
What should pilots do if a landing cannot be accomplished during a visual approach?
* Remain clear of clouds
* Maintain separation from other airport traffic
* Contact ATC for further clearance
## Footnote
These actions are crucial for safety in uncontrolled airspace.
133
What should pilots follow when conducting visual approaches if an instrument approach is available?
Pilots shall follow the published instrument approach to minima and transition to visual cues for landing
## Footnote
This ensures that operations remain within safety parameters.
134
What SOP elements must be adhered to during visual approaches?
* Approach briefings
* Terrain awareness
* Altitude callouts
* Flight path deviation parameters
## Footnote
Attention to these elements enhances safety during the approach phase.
135
What must pilots do when conducting visual approaches at night?
Follow the published instrument approach to minima and transition to visual cues for landing
136
What must approaches adhere to when conducting visual approaches at night?
SOP with particular attention to the following:
* Approach briefings
* Terrain awareness
* Altitude callouts
* Flight path deviation parameters
137
Fill in the blank: Approaches at night must pay particular attention to _______.
SOP
138
What is a contact approach?
An approach where an aircraft on an IFR flight plan may deviate from an instrument approach and proceed to the destination airport by visual reference to the surface
139
What are the visibility requirements for a contact approach?
At least 1 NM flight visibility and clear of clouds
140
What altitude must an aircraft maintain during a contact approach?
At least 1000 ft above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 5 NM
141
What must pilots do until the required visual reference is acquired during a contact approach?
Fly at the required altitude and maintain visual reference to the surface
142
When is a contact approach authorized by ATC?
When the pilots request it and there is an approved functioning instrument approach
143
What type of approaches can be used for a contact approach?
Published RNAV approach or GPS overlay approach
144
What is the role of ATC during a contact approach?
Ensure IFR separation from other IFR flights and issue missed approach instructions
145
True or False: Pilots are responsible for obstacle and terrain avoidance during a missed approach in a contact approach.
True
146
What hazards are introduced when conducting a contact approach in minimum visibility conditions?
Hazards to flight not experienced when flying IFR procedures
147
What must pilots be familiar with for a successful contact approach in minimum visibility conditions?
Aerodrome environment, local area obstacles, terrain, noise sensitive areas, Class F airspace, and aerodrome layout
148
What procedures must pilots adhere to when conducting contact approaches?
Published noise abatement procedures and compliance with restrictions in Class F airspace
149
What should pilots do if an approach is available for the specific runway during a contact approach?
Follow the published instrument approach to minima and transition to visual cues for landing
150
What areas should be given particular attention during contact approaches?
Approach briefings, terrain awareness, altitude callouts, and flight path deviation parameters
151
What should pilots do if there is doubt about safely conducting a contact approach?
Conduct an instrument approach procedure
152
What must pilots do when conducting contact approaches at night?
Follow the published instrument approach to minima and transition to visual cues for landing
153
What must be indicated in forecasts for an airport to be included as an alternate in a flight plan?
Ceiling and visibility at or above the weather minima specified
## Footnote
This is crucial for ensuring safe landing conditions at alternate airports.
154
What terms in weather forecasts can be used to determine the suitability of an aerodrome as an alternate?
BECMG, TEMPO, PROB
## Footnote
These terms indicate changes in weather conditions that can affect flight planning.
155
When conditions are forecast to improve, when shall the forecast BECMG condition be considered applicable?
As of the end of the BECMG time period
## Footnote
This ensures that the weather conditions meet the required minima after the improvement is expected.
156
When conditions are forecast to deteriorate, when shall the forecast BECMG condition be considered applicable?
As of the start of the BECMG time period
## Footnote
This is to ensure that the forecast conditions are accounted for before they worsen.
157
What must the forecast TEMPO condition not be below for an aerodrome to qualify as an alternate?
The published alternate minima requirements
## Footnote
This is to ensure that temporary weather conditions do not compromise safety.
158
What must the forecast PROB condition not be below for an aerodrome to qualify as an alternate?
The appropriate landing minima
## Footnote
This is critical for ensuring that the aerodrome remains safe for landing.
159
Under what conditions may an airport be used as an alternate based on a TAF?
If thunderstorm activity, freezing drizzle, or light freezing rain is forecast
## Footnote
This allows for some flexibility in weather conditions that are not severe.
160
Who is responsible for making the decision about using an alternate airport based on weather conditions?
The Captain
## Footnote
The Captain must use their knowledge of weather and actual conditions to make informed decisions.
161
What factors must be consistent when deriving minima for an alternate aerodrome?
Aircraft performance, navigation equipment limitations, type of weather forecast, and runway to be used
## Footnote
These factors ensure that the weather minima are suitable for the specific flight conditions.
162
What is the minimum visibility and height requirement for two or more usable precision approaches when choosing an alternate?
400-1 or 200-½ above the lowest usable Height Above Touchdown (HAT) and visibility, whichever is greater
## Footnote
These minima apply to separate suitable runways.
163
What is the minimum visibility and height requirement for one usable precision approach when choosing an alternate?
600-2* or 300-1 above the lowest usable HAT and visibility, whichever is greater
## Footnote
The asterisk indicates that these are considered standard alternate minima.
164
What is the minimum requirement for non-precision only available approaches when choosing an alternate?
800-2* or 300-1 above the lowest usable HAT/HAA and visibility, whichever is greater
## Footnote
HAT refers to Height Above Touchdown and HAA refers to Height Above Airport.
165
What must the forecast weather be if no IFR approach is available when choosing an alternate?
No lower than 500 ft above a minimum IFR altitude that permits a VFR approach and landing
## Footnote
This ensures that pilots can still safely approach and land under visual flight rules.
166
What is required for aerodromes served with an aerodrome advisory forecast to qualify as an alternate?
The forecast weather must be no lower than 500 feet above the lowest usable HAT/HAA and visibility not less than 3 miles
## Footnote
This ensures adequate conditions for safe operations.
167
What conditions must be met for aerodromes served with a GFA to qualify as an alternate?
1. No cloud lower than 1,000 ft above the lowest usable HAT/HAA
2. No cumulonimbus
3. Visibility not less than 3 miles
## Footnote
These conditions help ensure safe flying conditions.
168
True or False: All heights specified in a GFA are ASL unless otherwise indicated.
True
## Footnote
ASL stands for Above Sea Level.
169
What is the ceiling and visibility requirement for an alternate airport with at least ONE non-precision or precision approach in the USA?
Add 400 ft to the MDA(H) or DA(H), as applicable and Add 1 SM to the landing
minimum
## Footnote
MDA(H) stands for Minimum Descent Altitude (Height) and DA(H) stands for Decision Altitude (Height).
170
What is the visibility and visibility requirement for an alternate airport with at least ONE non-precision or precision approach in the USA?
Add 200 ft to the higher DA(H) or
MDA (H) of the two approaches and Add ½ SM to the higher
authorized landing minimum of
the two approaches
## Footnote
SM stands for statute miles.
171
What are alternate minima required for?
Pre-flight purposes
172
Is there a regulatory requirement for calculated alternate airport weather minima to be maintained after a flight has departed?
No
173
What should be done if the weather forecasts for the specified alternate deteriorate to below normal landing minima?
Amend the flight plan alternate enroute
174
What criteria can be used to designate a revised alternate airport?
Any acceptable airport within the fuel range that meets or exceeds normal landing weather minima
175
Who must remain informed of significant changes at designated enroute alternates?
Flight crews
176
What factors should be evaluated regarding alternate airports?
* Forecast weather for applicable periods
* Airplane status
* Fuel remaining
* Runway surface conditions
* Landing distances
* Airport services and facilities
177
What should happen if conditions preclude a safe approach and landing at an alternate airport?
Notify the Pilot and select an acceptable alternate
178
When are only normal landing weather minima required at alternates?
Once in flight, if weather conditions for the specified alternate airport deteriorate or if required to divert
179
What other conditions prevent a takeoff under low ceiling and/or visibility?
Excessive turbulence at or near the ground
## Footnote
Terrain contours near aerodromes may create excessive turbulence under certain wind conditions.
180
What is required before taking off or landing on a contaminated runway?
A runway condition report
## Footnote
This includes a Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI) or equivalent conversion, unless CRFI ≥ 0.6.
181
What is required for an aircraft before takeoff in freezing conditions?
Sprayed with anti-icing solution
## Footnote
This ensures critical surfaces are free of ice, snow, or frost.
182
What are the four intensity levels of icing conditions?
* Trace
* Light
* Moderate
* Severe
## Footnote
Each level indicates the rate of ice accumulation and associated hazards.
183
Define 'Trace' in terms of icing conditions.
Ice becomes perceptible; accumulation slightly greater than sublimation
## Footnote
Not hazardous unless encountered for over 1 hour.
184
What does 'Moderate' icing condition indicate?
Short encounters become potentially hazardous; de-icing or anti-icing equipment or diversion is necessary
## Footnote
Indicates significant risk requiring immediate action.
185
What type of ice is formed by the instantaneous freezing of small, supercooled water droplets?
Rime Ice
## Footnote
This ice is rough, milky, and opaque.
186
What is 'Clear Ice' characterized by?
Glossy, clear, or translucent ice
## Footnote
Formed by the relatively slow freezing of large, supercooled water droplets.
187
What should be operated in accordance with the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) during icing conditions?
Probe, Windshield, and Engine Anti-Icing heaters
## Footnote
Ensures critical systems remain functional and safe.
188
In what situation is the Captain responsible for analyzing icing conditions?
When icing conditions may adversely affect flight safety
## Footnote
The Captain must ensure sufficient fuel for evasive actions or equipment use.
