Week 06 Flashcards
What does GIS Stand for?
Geographic Information Systems
What are GIS’s? with examples
Systems Dealing with geospatial data - data that identifies
the geographic location of features. Typically coordinates
Ex of spatial database available: ordanace survey or open street map, google maps etc
Explain spatial techniques
If an issue is spatial, spatial techniques identify trends not obvious from other forms of analysis. ex: John Snows work in 1854 on the cholera spreading and identifying the water pump at the epiccentre of the disease.
What are the different types of spatial autocorrelation
Positive spatial autocorrelation - is the tendency for areas or sites that are close together to have similar values.
No spatial autocorrelation
Negative spatial autocorrelation - geographic distribution of values, or a map pattern, in which the neighbors of locations with large values have small values
Explain choropleth mapping
Display of attribute (non spatial) data associated with spatial entities. Come sup with often a colour scale (but some sort of scale) for a parameter of interest and makes patterns in a geographic location easier to see. Can do this in excel.
What are spatial operations
Spatial operations are functions that create new spatial data from specified input data. They identify spatially related objects ex: Beside, enclosed within, within a radius of
Explain what buffers in geograhical analysis refers to.
In GIS, a buffer is a zone that is drawn around any point, line, or polygon that encompasses all of the area within a specified distance of the feature
What applications are buffers often used?
To show mobile coverage, also were used during covid restrictions
Why is buffer method not very sophisicated?
Circles are not overly accurate - as often drawn as the crow flies rather than travel distance.
What are the business applications of GIS?
Traditional users of these systems would be : Utilities ex: ebs companies, forestry ex: coillte or the government
Used for spatial decision making for example: location analysis, transport or logistics decisions, marketing and insurance
How and why woudl GIS be used in insurance give some examples
ex: where your house is located in relation to flooding
ex: Risk of earthquake in american areas
What is AI?
Term associated with branch of computer science concerned with the development of systems endowed with AI capabilities.
AI is a behaviour that is intelligent. Means the behaviours meaning ability to reason, learn from past experience and acquire and retain knowledge.
Computers don’t generally learn from making mistakes, they will make the same mistake over and over
What are the three task domains of AI? - What will be the most difficult for computers to adjust to
Expert Tasks, Mundane tasks (most difficult for computers) and formal tasks.
Give an example of expert tasks as part of the task domains of AI?
Engineering, medical diagnosis, financial analysis
Give an example of mundane tasks as part of the task domains of AI?
Perception, robotics, common sense reaosning, natural language
Give an example of formal tasks as part of the task domains of AI?
Mathematics, Games
Explain AI techniques under accessing existing knowledge
Expert systems - Performs a task that would be otherwise performed by a human expert, storage of pre-established knowledge.
Case-based reasoning - WHat did we do last time idea
Explain AI techniques under creating new knowledge idea
Machine learning - system itself updates knowledge. learn and adapt without following explicit instructions, by using algorithms and statistical models to analyse and draw inferences from patterns in data.
Explain what is an expert system?
A computer program that emulates the behaviour of human experts who are solving real problems associated with a particular domain of knowledge.
Not used by experts, but stores expert knowledge. – Only in very specific detailed areas
What are the benefits of expert systems?
- faster decisions – foreign exchange dealing good to have a first mover advantage
- better decision quality
- capture of scarce expertise – limited number of experts and an expert may not be in correct place
- integration of several opinions
- cheaper control devices
- spread of knowledge
- reliability
What are some problems with expert systems?
- Getting knowledge from expert is hard – Too busy or they may not understand the nature of the information required
- System is frozen in time – No systematic updating
- Expert rules can be inflexible
Explain what is case-based reasoning and what are steps required for CBR.
Solving problems automatically by doing what you did last time - but no problem is exactly the same.
CBR learns so long as main problem does not change
Steps:
Case base describing problems and solution
Match best previous examples
Then modify the solution to suit the current problem
If solution works add it to the case base
What are the four r’s of CBR cycle?
Retrieved (similar case)
Reuse (Adaption solution)
revise (verify it works)
Retain (learning)
How does machine learning process differ from traditional programming process?
Traditional: Computer takes in data and programs and produces an output
Machine learning: Takes data and outputs and produces a program
