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BIM203 Blood Banking > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cell line are antigens derived from?

A

B-Cell immunity

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2
Q

What cell line are antibodies derived from? Include direct cell they come from.

A

B-Cell immunity - Lymphoblasts - Plasma cells

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3
Q

Phagocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells and compliment are part of what immunity system?

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

B lymphocytes, antibodies, T lymphocytes, effector T cells are part of what immune system?

A

Adaptive

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5
Q 
Consider the following regarding innate immunity.
Activity
Response
Potency
Specificity
Memory
A 
Activity- Always ON
Response -  Immediate (minutes)
Potency - Low 
Specificity - NOT specific i.e. general
Memory Nil
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6
Q 
Consider the following regarding adaptive immunity.
Activity
Response
Potency
Specificity
Process
Memory
A 
Activity - Normally OFF
Response - Slow (days)
Potency -  Higher
Specificity  - Ag specific
Process - Slow
Memory - Yes and subsequent response is faster & stronger
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7
Q

Antigens are also known as _______

A

immunogens

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8
Q

Foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody (Ab) or a T-cell receptor

A

antigen

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9
Q

Non-self substance capable of triggering an immune response

A

antigen

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10
Q

Parts/sites of the Ag that are recognised and bound by a particular Ab or T-cell receptor

A

Epitope of antigenic determinant

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11
Q

List 5 factors that contribute to immunogenicity of Ag

A
  1. Degree of foreignness
  2. Mass (> 10,000 Da)
  3. Dosage (no. of cells) and antigen density on cells
  4. Chemical composition and complexity
    (Proteins > Carbohydrates > Lipids (inert))
  5. Route of Administration affects immunogenicity
    (Intravenous (IV) & intraperitoneal (IP)
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12
Q

List the three regions on a basic antibody. (make sure you can label a drawing

A

Fab - Fragment antigen binding
FV - Fragment Variable
FC - Fragment Constant

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13
Q

IgG is referred to as a __________ and IgM is referred to as a ________

A

Monomer, Pentamer

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14
Q

Which is bigger IgG or IgM?

A

IgM

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15
Q

How many binding sights does a IgG and a IgM have?

A

IgG - 2

IgM - 10

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16
Q

Is this describing IgG or IgM - long-term immunity, memory antibodies, neutralizes toxins, opsonizes, fixes complement

A

IgG

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17
Q

Is this describing IgG or IgM - produces at first response to antigen, can serve a B-cell receptor

A

IgM

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18
Q

Can IgG and IgM both cross the placenta?

A

Only IgG due to it’s size

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19
Q

Which has a higher serum concentration percentage?

A

IgG 75% compared to IgM 10%

20
Q

What is the optimum reaction temp for IgG and IgM?

A

IgM - 2-24C | IgG 37C

21
Q

Cells or tissues from a genetically different individual is referred to as __________

A

allogeneic

22
Q

cells or tissues from self is referred to as _________

A

Autologous

23
Q

What are the three major biological activities of

the complement system?

A
  1. opsonization (prepare for eating),
  2. lysis of target cells, and
  3. stimulation of inflammatory
    mediators
24
Q

The alternate pathway is initiated by what?

A

The alternative pathway is initiated by the membrane

property of a microorganism.

25
Q

The classical pathway is initiated by what?

A

The classical pathway is initiated by an antigen-antibody reaction.

26
Q

Stages of in vitro Ag-Ab reactions
Stage 1 – Sensitisation
Describe

A

Ab attach to antigens on RBC membrane

but is random & NOT visible

27
Q

Stage 2 – Agglutination

Describe

A

Formation of bridges between sensitised red cells

Forms lattice that can be visualised

28
Q

What factors influence - Stage 1 Sensitisation (5)

A 
o Serum to cell ratio 
o Reaction temperature 
o Incubation Time
o pH 
o Ionic strength
29
Q

What factors influence - Stage 2 Agglutination

A

o Distance b/w cells
o Concentration of Ag to Ab
o Centrifugation

30
Q

In the PROzone what is in excess to cause small complexes ?

A

Ab

31
Q

Which zone has large complexes (ratio of serum to cell)

A

Zone of Equivalence

32
Q

Zeta potential - _______ charge on surface of red cell

Cloud of _______ charged ions surround

A

Negative, positively

33
Q

Zeta potential keeps red cells approx _____ nm apart

A

18-20nm

34
Q

What are 3 things that can decrease the Zeta potential to enhance IgG reaction?

A
  1. Add protein to solution
  2. Reduce ionic strength of solution
  3. Proteolytic enzymes
35
Q

These antibodies will react with human antibody and

complement on red cells or in serum

A

Antihuman globulin (AHG)

36
Q

Detects IgG Ab and complement proteins attached to RBC

A

Antihuman globulin (AHG)

37
Q

What test is conducted to determine if RBC have been sensitised in vivo (i.e. Ab “already” bound to RBC).

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)

38
Q

Immune haemolysis leads to a Positive DAT. What are 3 possible causes?

A

Transfusion reaction, Autoimmune haemolytic anemia, haemolytic disease of the newborn

39
Q

What test is conducted for compatibility testing to determine if the patient haw any IgG antibody in their sample?

A

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)

40
Q

Cards with microcolumns filled with matrix (gel or glass) is called what?

A

Column Agglutination Test/Technology (CAT)

41
Q

What is the principle of Cards with microcolumns filled with matrix test.

A

Agglutinated cells are larger thus cannot pass thru matrix and stay on top.
Non agglutinated cells can pass thru matrix & fall to bottom of colum

42
Q

Specific location of gene on chromosome is called what?

A

Genetic loci

43
Q

Different forms of a gene at specific locus is referred to as what?

A

Allele = E.g. ABO has 3 alleles – A, B & O

44
Q

Only one form of allele req. to express ie. always expressed

A

Dominant allele

45
Q

Only expressed when inherited from both parents i.e. double (homozygous) dose

A

Recessive allele

46
Q

Gene that does not produce any detectable trait/chracteristic/expression Eg. O gene

A

Silent amorph

47
Q

Expressed even when single gene is present

Equal expression of 2 different inherited alleles

A

Codominant alleles

BIM203 Blood Banking (7 decks)

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