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Functional Anatomy S2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

‘same side’

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2
Q

Distal:

A

further from the trunk

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3
Q

Bilateral:

A

affecting both sides

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4
Q

Unilateral:

A

affecting one side

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5
Q

Contralateral:

A

means opposite side

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6
Q

Superior:

A

top

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7
Q

Inferior:

A

bottom

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8
Q

Anterior:

A

in front

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9
Q

Posterior:

A

behind

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10
Q

Coronal plane:

A

runs side - side and top-bottom (separates us into anterior and posterior)

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11
Q

Transverse plane:

A

run side-side and front-back (divides from superior to interior parts)

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12
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

runs from top-bottom and front-back (separates the body into left and right sections)

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13
Q

Mid sagittal plane:

A

runs down the midline of the body and divides into two equal halves

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14
Q

Longitudinal axis:

A

a vertical line from top to bottom

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15
Q

Inversion

A

bottom of the foot is shown inwards

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16
Q

Eversion

A

bottom of the foot is shown outwards

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17
Q

Epiphysis:

A

superior and inferior ends of long bone (involved in RBC production)

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18
Q

Diaphysis (shaft):

A

the middle part of long bone

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19
Q

Metaphysic:

A

space between Epiphysis and Diaphysis

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20
Q

Periosteum

A

the membrane that covers long bone and contains vessels, arteries and nerves (protective layer, heals bone)

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21
Q

Medullary cavity:

A

space in long bone and inside it is bone marrow (involved in production of stem cells)

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22
Q

How is compact bone formed? (cortical bone)

A

By several cylinders that are formed by osteocytes (form sheets of lamellae which overlap and form osteon’s
Osteon’s form the compact layer of bone
- Outside thick layer

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23
Q

Spongey bone:

A

porous

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24
Q

Axial skeleton:

A

skull, head, ribs, vertical column

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25
Appendicular skeleton:
upper and lower limbs
26
Long Bone: - Describe - Function - Eg
- Shaft, two ends, longer than it is wide - Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement - Eg: femur, ulna, radius
27
Short Bone: - Describe - Function - Eg
- Cube-shaped - To provide support and stability with little to no movement - Eg: carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankle
28
Flat Bone: - Describe - Function - Eg
- Flat shape, not rounded - Protect internal organs (eg brain, heart, pelvic organs) - Eg: skull, rib bones
29
Irregular Bone: - Describe - Function - Eg
- Vary in shape - Protection of nervous tissue - Eg: vertebrae, irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis)
30
Sesamoid Bone: - Describe - Function - Eg
- Small and round (embedded in tendons) - Decrease friction, modify pressure (redistribute weight-bearing forces) - Patella
31
Articular surfaces:
- Bony Landmark on joints - Facets/fovea- flat articular joints - Condyles- round AJ - Trochlea- special shape AJ
32
Depression:
- Bony Landmark, indent/cavity/hole in bone - Fossa - Sulcus/sulci - Canals - Apertures
33
Elevations:
``` Process- sticks out Spine- pointy on the point Tubercle- sticks out, bit rounder Tuberosity- rough surface Trochanter- big round surface Crest- edge Line- edge Epicondyle- stick out (eg elbows) Protuberance- elevated Prominence- elevated Eminence- elevated Head- furtherest from trunk Base- closet to trunk ```
34
Fibrous (synarthrosis) joints:
- Stable joints, fixed | - Eg: Cranium
35
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints:
- Little stable and mobile | - Eg in long bones
36
Secondary Cartilaginous joints:
are joints around body that have structure between them that binds them together
37
Synovial (diarthrosis) joints:
- Completely mobile | - Joint motion: spin, roll, glide
38
Plane synovial joint:
(usually uniaxial) permit gliding/sliding movements
39
Hinge synovial joint:
(uniaxial) permit flexion and extension only (eg elbow) (F & E)
40
Saddle synovial joint:
(biaxial) saddle shape heads permit movement in 2 different planes (eg thumb) (M= F&E, ADD &ABD, circumduction)
41
Condyloid synovial joint:
(biaxial) permit flexion and extension, adduction and abduction and circumduction
42
Ball and socket synovial joint:
(only multiaxial) a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes - Movements: Flexion and extension (occur around the frontal axis), adduction and abduction (sagittal axis), internal and external rotation (vertical axis)
43
Pivot synovial joint:
(uniaxial) rounded processes of a bone fit into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
44
All synovial joints have:
- Joint cavity: Synovial fluid in JC which lubricates bones - Articular cartilage: covered in hyaline cartilage, supplied by synovial fluid - Articular capsule (stabilises joint): Fibrous, synovial membrane
45
Degrees of Freedom - Uniaxial - Biaxial - Multiaxial
- Motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom (flexion, extension) - Motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom (flexion, extension, and adduction, abduction) - motion in all planes
46
Types of Muscle Cells
``` Skeletal: - Voluntary - Striated (stripped) Visceral: - Involuntary - Smooth Cardiac: - Involuntary/ automatic - Striated and ‘smooth’ ```
47
Skeletal Muscle to sarcomere order
Muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibril, sarcomere (structural unit of muscle)
48
Sarcomere
- Contracts like a muscle | - When force generated that contracts (actin & myosin brought together), shortens the muscle
49
Concentric muscle contraction
muscle shortens as it contracts and accelerates movements
50
Eccentric muscle contraction
muscle lengthens under tension and decelerates/controls movement
51
Isometric muscle contraction
the muscle remains the same length and used to remain stationary
52
Agonist/Prime mover:
main muscle(s) responsible for movement (eg knee extension= quad’s)
53
Antagonist:
the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist muscle (eg knee extension = hamstring)
54
Synergist:
the muscle that assists movement (usually smaller muscles)
55
Stabiliser/ fixation:
muscles that are dynamic stabilizers of a joint
56
Shunt:
muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint (oppose forces- eg shoulder holding bag)
57
Connective tissue:
Tendons, Aponeurosis, Fascia
58
Tendons:
muscle to bone - Collagen - Tendons are formed by membranes that cover muscle cells (epi, peri, endomysium) - Form bony landmarks
59
Aponeurosis
Covers a muscle, thicker, whiter, holds muscle fibers together - Collagen - Flat sheets of ‘tendons’ - Anchors to the muscle to skeleton, deep fascia
60
Fascia
Thicker, hold muscle fibres together - Covers most of the body deep to the skin - Types: superficial fascia, deep fascia (investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retinaculum)
61
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs of nerves in humans - Anterior: nerves that have motor functions - Posterior: nerves that have sensory functions - Rootlets: combine to form roots - Combination of Anterior and Posterior = spinal nerve
62
Types of Nerves
Afferent | Efferent
63
Afferent (sensory) fibers:
Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors various parts of the body (skin)
64
Efferent (motor) fibers:
Form the anterior (ventral) nerve root to the spinal nerve

Functional Anatomy S2 (4 decks)

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