Week 1 Flashcards by Kiara S

Open Kinetic Chain Movement

Distal segment of a joint moves on a relatively fixed proximal segment

Ex.) Waving, Free weights

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A series of articulated segmented links

Ex.) scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand

Kinetic Chain

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Adapting clothing to decrease the activity demands is an example of what?

Compensation

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Wolff’s Law

Bone density changes in response to changes in the functional forces on the bone.

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Syndesmosis

Joint that is held together by an interosseous ligament or membrane, and motion is limited to the stretching of the connecting membrane: distal radioulnar joint

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Closed pack positions:

*A. Increase stability**
*B. Decrease stability**
*C. Joint surfaces are congruent**
*D. Joint surfaces are incongruent**
*E. Both A & C**
*F. Both A & D**

E. Both A & C

Increased stability, but more likely to be injured.
Joint surfaces are congruent, the greatest overlap, joint is compressed and synovial fluid is squeezed out.

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Joint movement can have up to X degrees of angular freedom which corresponds to the three cardinal planes.

A. 6 Degrees
B. 5 Degrees
C. 4 Degrees
D. 3 Degrees

D. 3 Degrees

1 Degree (elbow, knees)
2 Degrees (wrist, ankle)
3 degrees (shoulder, hip)

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Osteoarthritis

“Wear and Tear”

Gradual erosion of articular cartilage, articular cartilage pad
is completely worn

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Synchondroses

Temporary joints that are present as the skeleton grows but become thinner and are replaced by a bony union as the skeleton matures: growth plates

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*What anatomical axis and plane are**
*flexion and extension in?**

Frontal Axis + Sagittal Plane

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Osteokinematics

movement of the skeletal system, the motion of bones relative to the planes of the body

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Where is the fulcrum in a first class lever?

The fulcrum (axis) is in the middle of the lever

Ex.) When you nod

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True/False

Active Range of Motion equals I am moving

True

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Synarthrodial Joint

Joints by dense fibrous connective tissue that unites bone to bone: suture joints in the skull

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*Bones are the ,**
*Joints are the ,**
*Muscles are the and .**

Bones are the levers,
Joints are the fulcrum (axis),
Muscles are the effort and force.

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*What anatomical axis and plane are**
*abduction and adduction in?**

Sagittal Axis + Frontal Plane

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Passive Range of Motion equals:

A. I am moving
B. I am moving and someone is moving me
C. Someone is moving me
D. Both B & C

C. Someone is moving me

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Torque is dependent on…

Amount of force (muscle contraction)
Angle of application of force
Length of the movement arm (lever/bone)

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Compensation

approach aimed at revising current context or activity demands to support performance

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Second Class Lever

Weight or resistance is situated in-between the effort force and fulcrum (axis). Load is in the middle.

Ex.) Standing on toes; the effort force are the calf muscles, resistance is the body, fulcrum (axis) are the toes

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Which three options are Concave-on-Convex movements?

Concave-on Convex Movements:

D. Rolling, E. Gliding, & F. Spinning

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True/False

Fibrocartilage forms substance of vertebral discs, labra in the hip and the shoulder.

False

Fibrocartilage forms substance of intervertebral discs, labra in the hip and the shoulder.

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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Symphyses
&
Synchondroses

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Which three options are Convex-on-Concave movements?

Convex-on-Concave Movements:

A. Rolling, B. Gliding, & C. Spinning

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**What are the three types of fibrous joints?**

Synarthrodial Joint Syndesmosis Gomphosis

* *Synovial Joints** * *(Diarthroses)**

Greater freedom of movement in which bones are separated by a space called the joint cavity

**Ligaments and tendons….** ## Footnote A. Take a long time to heal B. Have a low metabolism C. Have a limited blood supply D. Are soft tissue E. All of the above

E. All of the above

**Which two options are correct:** ## Footnote A. My elbow is distal to my wrist. B. My wrist is distal to my elbow. C. My knee is proximal to my ankle. D. My ankle is proximal to my knee.

B. My wrist is distal to my elbow. & D. My ankle is proximal to my knee.

* *What are the four primary types of tissue** * *in the body?**

Connective Tissue Muscle Nerve Epithelium

* *Roll** * (in relation to joints)*

Happens when one joint surface rolls along another Ex.) When a tire goes down a road

* *Glide** * (in relation to joints)*

When one joint surface slides across the surface of another Ex.) A skidding tire

**Rolling, spinning, and gliding occur in which packed position?**

Open Packed Position

**What type of cartilage reduces friction between joint surfaces?**

Articular Cartilage

* *What anatomical axis and plane are** * *external lateral rotation and internal medial rotation in?**

Longitudinal Axis + Transverse Plane

**Symphyses**

Junction is formed by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, restrained movement: interbody joints of the spine

**Which two options are correct:** ## Footnote A. My forehead is superior to my mouth. B. My mouth is superior to my forehead. C. My shoulder is inferior to my elbow. D. My elbow is inferior to my shoulder.

A. My forehead is superior to my mouth. & D. My elbow is inferior to my shoulder.

**Kinematics**

motion of the body without regard to force (such as gravity). Includes planes, axes and types of motion

**Torque**

The ability of a force to cause rotation on a lever

**Intra-articular discs are called…**

Menisci

**Rheumatoid Arthritis**

Autoimmune, connective tissue disorder. Significant inflammation at the joint capsules, swelling, inflammation

* *Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)** * *allow what type of motion?**

Moderate to extensive motion

**True/False** Joint articulation varies depending on the position of the joint.

**True**

**True/False** Rolling, gliding and spinning occur independently

**False** Rolling, gliding and spinning DO NOT occur independently Rolling and gliding need to work in tandem to avoid dislocation

**What makes up the joint structure**

Ligaments Blood Vessels & Capillaries Sensory Nerves Menisci

**True/False** The biomechanical approach for intervention does not address strength, endurance and range of motion (ROM)

**False** The biomechanical approach for intervention addresses strength, endurance and range of motion (ROM)

* *Spin** * (in relation to joints)*

Occurs when one joint surface rotates over the fixed surface of another Ex.) A tire spinning in place

* *Biaxial Joint** * **Synovial Joint***

Movement is in two planes around two axis with two degrees of freedom Ex.) MCP joints.

**What affects Wolff's Law?**

* When bone is stressed, more bone will be laid down. Weight bearing increases bone density. * With trauma, excessive bone formation will synthesize; bone spurs may form. * Bone loss will occur with chronic unloading. Clients with spinal cord injuries have reduced bone density (which will place an individual at risk for fractures). *These are important concepts for rehabilitating individuals who have sustained trauma and/or immobility.*

* *Uniaxial Joint** * **Synovial Joint***

Only one degree of freedom: hinge joints (rotation is around a single axis) Ex.) Elbow and knee

**Open Packed Position**

The position where the connective tissue structures are the most lax and the joint cavity has the greatest volume. Joint surfaces are incongruent (minimal overlap)

**Ligaments**

Connective tissues that connect bones and protect the joint from excessive movement

**Third Class Lever**

Effort is in-between the fulcrum and resistance Ex.) Elbow- Fulcrum (axis) is the joint, effort is the muscle, and resistance is a handle

**True/False** In active assistive range of motion, I am moving and someone is moving me.

**True**

**True/False** Articular Cartilage forms the load bearing surfaces of joints

**True**

* *Triaxial Joint** * *Synovial Joints**

Multiple degrees of freedom with distinctly different movements Ex.) Glenohumeral joint of the shoulder.

**Joint Pathology**

Torn or stretched ligaments: go through an inflammatory process. Healing is slow due to poor blood supply. Bones: heal well, six to eight weeks. Instability in the joints results in mechanical failure.

**What type of cartilage is a mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage?**

Fibrocartilage

**Biomechanics**

Describes the application of kinematics and kinetics to the mechanisms of human motion.

**The biomechanical approach for intervention:** ## Footnote A. Is a theoretical framework for orthopedics B. Focuses on required body functions and body structures needed for occupation C. Comprises a more personalized definition of intervention D. Both A & B

**D. Both A & B**

**Arthrokinematics Motion**

The relationship of joint surface motion

**Closed Kinetic Chain Movement**

The proximal segment of the joint moves on a fixed distal segment Ex.) Squats, weight bearing exercises

**Kinesiology**

The study of motion and the internal and external forces involved in motion

**Range of Motion**

Degrees around an axis of rotation

* *Restoration** * *(Remediation)**

To restore or remediate client factors that are impaired

**Gomphosis**

Fibrous joint characterized by a peg in socket alignment: articulation between a tooth and the mandible

Week 1 Flashcards

Intro to Kinesiology (65 cards)