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Anthropology 357 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is development different than growth?

A

Growth: quantitative increase in size
Development: Progression from an immature to a mature state measured by functional capacity regardless of size

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2
Q

Define growth trajectory

A

The timing and speed of growth and maturation as they pertain to a “typical” growth of a human

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3
Q

After birth, body growth (increases/slows) compared to intrauterine growth

A

Slows

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4
Q

After birth, brain growth (slows/accelerates) compared to intrauterine growth

A

Accelerates

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5
Q

During infancy, most or all nutrition is provided via…

A

Lactation

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6
Q

Coinciding with weaning, this physical structure appears in infants

A

Deciduous dentition

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7
Q

Describe the digestive system of an infant

A

Immature – teeth and organs are not well developed, infants require liquid/soft nutrient-dense foods provided by adults

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8
Q

What parts of the body are growing significantly during childhood?

A

Brain - everything else is growing slowly

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9
Q

First permanent teeth erupt during this life stage

A

Childhood

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10
Q

Humans are vulnerable to predation and disease during this life stage

A

Childhood

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11
Q

On average, brain growth in weight ceases at this age

A

7 years

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12
Q

What are the “bookend” events of childhood?

A

Weaning until ~ age 7

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13
Q

What are the “bookend” events of the juvenile stage?

A

~7 years until the onset of puberty

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14
Q

Define the growth rate of the body, generally during the juvenile stage

A

Overall relatively slow growth rate

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15
Q

If not a lot of significant growth is happening during the juvenile stage, what is the importance of this stage?

A

Important time for LEARNING economic and social skills. At this point, juveniles can start learning to assist with food production and infant care

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16
Q

What important hormonal-brain axis is turned on at the onset of puberty?

A

The HPG axis

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17
Q

What are the 2 most important hormones involved in the onset of puberty?

A

Estradiol and Testosterone

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18
Q

Estradiol is produced in (1) from (2)

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Aromatization of testosterone
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19
Q

In the hypothalamus, when the HPG axis is turned on, the hypothalamus secretes…

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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20
Q

Which anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in response to GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus?

A

FSH and LH

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21
Q

Both sexes require estradiol and testosterone, but undergo different sexual development due to a difference in…

A

The relative amounts of hormone present

22
Q

Testosterone can be produced by these 3 organs/glands

A

Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands

23
Q

Puberty is initiated by…

A

The return of GnRH pulsatility after a period of axis dormancy

24
Q

True or false: once re-activated at the onset of puberty, GnRH secretion is constant

A

False: pulsatile release

25
Q

How many neurons in the hypothalamus secrete GnRH?

A

approx. 2000

26
Q

To initiate puberty, GnRH pulses need to occur once every…

A

90 minutes

27
Q

During puberty, LH increases (1)-fold and FSH increases (2)-fold

A
  1. 25x
  2. 2.5x
28
Q

What happens during puberty and how it happens (e.g. development of secondary sex characteristics) is determined by…

A

The frequency of GnRH pulses

29
Q

Which sex hormone is important for the linear growth during puberty?

A

Testosterone

30
Q

What are the “bookend” events of Adolescence?

A

Onset of puberty, ends 5-8 years after the onset of puberty

31
Q

During adolesence, growth accelerates in this way

A

Increase in height and weight

32
Q

Peak height velocity (PHV) is reached around this time after GnRH pulsatility resumes

A

~3 years

33
Q

What are the average age ranges for adolescence in males and females?

A

F: 10-18
M: 12-21

34
Q

How does estradiol act on the skeleton? How does this explain why the average female is shorter than the average male?

A

Estradiol contributes to closing of growth plates, this means female growth plates close sooner, therefore male growth can occur for longer

35
Q

Adolescence continues until an individual stops…

A

Growing

36
Q

Research on puberty uses a common marker, which is…

A

Age of max growth rate/peak height velocity

37
Q

Cessation of growth in height and weight is usually accompanied by the appearance of (2)

A
  1. 3rd Molars
  2. Secondary sex characteristics
38
Q

What are the “bookend” events of adulthood?

A

Completion of skeletal growth until the end of reproductive capability

39
Q

Since growth is not occurring during adulthood, energy is funnelled towards

A

Body maintenance and reproduction

40
Q

Which life stages are unique to humans compared to other primates?

A

Childhood, Adolescence, Post-reproduction

41
Q

What is special about the growth rate achieved by humans during puberty?

A

It is incredibly fast, faster than the peak growth rate of any other mammal

42
Q

Humans have a unique reproductive “schedule” in 3 ways: name these

A
  1. reach reproductive maturity very late
  2. once we reach reproductive maturity, there tends to be a significant lag between the first birth
  3. breastfeeding stops very early
43
Q

What is special about the human inter-birth interval?

A

It is very short

44
Q

What is special about human longevity?

A

Unprecedented longevity compared to other primates

45
Q

How is the cessation of breastfeeding related to the inter-birth interval of humans?

A

Breastfeeding suppresses ovulation, it is energetically expensive to breastfeed and ovulate at the same time, by weaning earlier we can start ovulating sooner after birth

46
Q

Why do humans most likely have childhood and adolescence?

A

Childhood: Weaning sooner = entry into childhood, shorten the interbirth interval, therefore increase mother’s fitness

Adolescence: Adolescents can help take care of young!

47
Q

Why do humans have a long post-reproductive period?

A

Grandmother hypothesis: a post-reproductive parent can increase the fitness of their genes indirectly by helping the survival of her offspring which have her genes

48
Q

Why do humans grow so slowly?

A

Because it takes us so long to grow our energetically expensive brains

49
Q

Why do humans go through puberty?

A

It is essentially a catch-up time where our bodies have to catch up to our brains, which have grown significantly in size

50
Q

The timing of the onset of puberty may be different due to…

A

Different body fat stores and nutritional status

51
Q

Puberty likely evolved in a “flexibly timed” way so that…

A

The body may enter puberty when nutritional stores are optimal

Anthropology 357 (9 decks)

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