week 1

Question 1

what is anatomy?

Answer 1

• the study of a structure and th relationships among structures.
• in human relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart).

Question 2

what is the anatomical position?

Answer 2

• standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.
• forward facing, standing feet forward and palms facing outward.

Question 3

what are the different planes of the body?

Answer 3

• sagittal.
• frontal/coronal.
• transverse.
• oblique.

Question 4

what is the sagittal plane?

Answer 4

• a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sides.
• midsaggital; divide into equal left and right sides.
• parasagittal; divides the body into unequal left and right sides.
• longitudinal.

Question 5

what is the frontal/coronal plane?

Answer 5

• divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.

Question 6

what is the transverse plane?

Answer 6

• divides the body into superior and inferior parts. also called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane.

Question 7

what is the oblique plane?

Answer 7

• passes through the body or an organ at an angle.

Question 8

what is the difference between cephalad and caudal?

Answer 8

• cephalad; near head.
• caudal; near the toes/tail.

Question 9

outline the skeletal system;

Answer 9

• axial skeleton; 80 bones, lie along the longitudinal skeleton. skull, thorax, abdomen.
• Appendicular skeleton; 126 bones; upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles.

Question 10

what are the different types of bones?

Answer 10

1. long; greater length than width.; femur/leg bone.
2. short; are nearly cube-shaped and have the same length-to-width ratio.; carpal bones.
3. flat; think bones; frontal bone.
4. irregular; variable shape; vertebrae.
5. seasamoid; develop in tendons; knee cap/patella.

Question 11

what are the functions of bones?

Answer 11

• supporting and protecting soft tissues.
• attachment site for muscles making movement possible.
• storage for minerals, calcium and phosphate.
• blood cell production occurs in red blood cells (hemopoiesis).

Question 12

What are the two major bone surface markings?

Answer 12

1. depressions and openings; participate in joints or allow the passage of soft tissues.
2. processed; are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissues.

Question 13

what is a fissure?

Answer 13

• belongs to the depression/opening group.
• it is a narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass through.
• example; superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.

Question 14

what is a foramen?

Answer 14

• opening.
• the opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass.
• example; the optic foramen of the sphenoid bone.

Question 15

what is a fossa?

Answer 15

• depression.
  -shallow depression.
• example; coronoid fossa of the humerus.

Question 16

what is a sulcus?

Answer 16

• furrow along a bone surface that accommodates an nerve, vessel, or tendon.
• example; intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

Question 17

what is a meatus?

Answer 17

• tube-like opening.
  -external auditory meatus of temporal bone.

Question 18

what is a condyle?

Answer 18

• process.
• large rounded protuberance at the end of a bone.
• lateral condyle of the femur.

Question 19

what is a facet?

Answer 19

• process that forms a joint
• smooth flat articular surface.
• example; a superior articular facet of the vertebrae.

Question 20

what is a head?

Answer 20

• a process that forms a joint
• rounded articular projection supported on the head of a bone.
• ex. head of the femur.

Question 21

what is a crest?

Answer 21

• a process that forms attachment points for CT.
• prominent ridge or elongated projection.
• example; iliac crest of hip bone.

Question 22

what is a epicondyle?

Answer 22

• a process that forms attachment points for CT.
• projection above a condyle.
• medial epicondyle of the femur.

Question 23

what is a linea?

Answer 23

• long narrow ridge or border that is less prominent than a crest.
• a process that forms attachment points for CT.
• For example; Linea aspera of femur.

Question 24

what is a spinous process?

Answer 24

• a process that forms an attachment for muscles and CT.
• sharp slender projection.
• ex. spinous process of vertebrae.

Question 25

What is a trochanter?

Answer 25

- a process for attachment of muscles and CT. - very large projection. - greater trochanter of femur.

Question 26

what is a tubercle?

Answer 26

- process for CT attachment. - small rounded projection. - greater tubercle of the humerus.

Question 27

what is tuberosity?

Answer 27

- process for CT attachment. - large, rounded usually roughened projection. - ischial tuberosity of hip bone.

Question 28

what is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 28

the point where it attaches to a bone or another muscle. usually is not the part moved when the muscle contracts.

Question 29

what is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 29

- the part where the muscle attaches to another bone, muscle or muscle. the insertion is the part that will be moved with contraction.

Question 30

What is a tendon?

Answer 30

- tendons and aponeuroses are extensions of connective tissue that attach muscles to bone or other tissues. - a tendon is a cord of dense connective tissue that attaches to bone, the skin, or another muscle.

Question 31

what is aponeurosis?

Answer 31

- aponeurosis is a tendon that extends as a broad flat layer.

Question 32

what is a ligament?

Answer 32

- a ligament is a short band of connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Question 33

what is a tendon sheath?

Answer 33

- tube-like structure made up of connective tissue that wraps around the tendons of muscles of the wrist and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space.

Question 34

what is superficial fascia?

Answer 34

- is loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin. it is homologous to the hypoderm in the skin. it contains superficial nerves and veins.

Question 35

what is deep fascia?

Answer 35

- dense irregular connective tissue that lies beneath the superficial fascia that wraps the body. it is well defined in the limbs.

Question 36

what are nerves?

Answer 36

A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of dendrites and axons.

Question 37

What are sensory nerves?

Answer 37

- nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels or how painful something is.

Question 38

what are motor nerves?

Answer 38

- motor nerves allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction. a motor nerve exclusively contains the axons of the neuron which innervates skeletal muscle or glands.

Question 39

what is a spinal nerve?

Answer 39

- generally refers to the mixed sensory and motor spinal nerves that come out of the spinal cord. they innervate most of the skeletal muscle in our bodies.