week 2 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
what are joints?
A
- joints hold bones together but usually permit movement.
2
Q
what are the 3 joint contacts?
A
- between 2 bones.
- between cartilage and bone.
- between teeth an bones.
3
Q
what is arthrology?
A
the study of joints.
4
Q
what is kinesiology?
A
the study of motion.
5
Q
what is the structural classification of joints?
A
- is based on the presence or absence of a synovial joint (cavity) and type of connecting tissue.
- structurally joints are classified as either; fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.
6
Q
what is the functional classification of joints?
A
- based on its movement.
1. immovable= synarthrosis.
2. slightly moveable = amphiarthrosis.
3. freely movable (diarthrosis/ diarthrodial).
7
Q
What are fibrous joints?
A
- lack a synovial cavity.
- bones are help closely together by synovial connective tissue.
- little or no movement (synarthrosis/ amphiarthrosis).
- 3 structural types; sutures, syndesmosis., gomphoses.
8
Q
what are sutures?
A
- fibrous joint.
- thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull.
- immovable (synarthrosis).
9
Q
what are syndesmosis?
A
- fibrous joint.
- bones united by a ligament.
- slightly movable (amphiarthrosis).
- example; inferior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane.
10
Q
what are gomphosis?
A
- fibrous joint.
- ligaments hold cone-shaped peg in bony socket.
- the motion of a gomphosis is very minimal, though considerable movement can be achieved over time, example; the basis of using braces to move teeth.
- considered a synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.
- example; teeth in alveolar processes.
11
Q
what are cartilaginous joints?
A
- lacks a synovial cavity.
- allows little or no movement.
- bones are tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
- 2 types; synchondrosis/ symphysis.
12
Q
what is a synchondrosis?
A
- cartilaginous joint.
- immovable (synarthrosis).
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
- epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and coastal cartilages.
- head of femur in acetabulum. (primary).
13
Q
what is a symphysis?
A
- cartilaginous joint.
- fibrocartilage is the connecting material.
- slightly moveable; amphiarthrosis.
- intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
14
Q
what are synovial joints?
A
- synovial cavity separates articulating bones.
- freely movable (diarthrosis).
- knee joint.
15
Q
what are the common features of synovial joints?
A
- articular cartilage; reduces friction and absorbs shock.
- articular joint capsule (fibrous capsule + synovial membrane); surrounds joints, thickenings in fibrous capsule called intrinsic ligaments.)
- synovial membrane; lining the capsule from the inside, secretes synovial fluid, synovial fluid brings nutrients to the articular cartilage.
16
Q
what are the special features of the synovial joint?
A
- extrinsic ligaments; extracapsular ligaments are outside the joint cavity and intracapsular ligaments are inside the joint cavity.
- articular discs and menisci; attached around the edges of the capsule.
- allows two bones of different shape to fit tightly together (i.e. increase stability of the knee joint).
- bursa; fluid-filled sac like structure made by connective tissue.
- reduces friction between moving structures; skin rubs over bone and tendons rub over bone.
- buritis; inflammation of the bursa.
17
Q
how are joints supplied by nerves?
A
- nerves to joints branch from the nerves of near by muscles.
- joint capsule and ligaments contain pain fibers and sensory receptors.
18
Q
what are the different types of synovial joints?
A
- planar.
- hinge.
- pivot.
- condyloid.
- saddle.
- ball and socket.
19
Q
what is a planar joint?
A
- bone surfaces are curved or flat.
- nonaxial.
- side to side movement only.
- rotation prevented by ligaments.
examples; - intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
- vertebrocostal joints.
20
Q
what is a hinge joint?
A
- convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone.
uniaxial like a door hinge. - example; elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints.
- movements produced; flexion and extension.
21
Q
what is a pivot joint?
A
- rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament.
- monoaxial as it only allows rotation around its longitudinal axis.
- examples; proximal radioulnar joint, supination and pronation.
- atlantoaxial joint; turning head side to side.
22
Q
what is a condyloid joint?
A
- oval like projection fits into oval-like depression.
- biaxial; flexion/extension, abduction vs. adduction.
- ellipsoid joint; wrist joint.
- condyloid joint metacarpophalangeal joint.
23
Q
what is a saddle joint?
A
- one bone saddled shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle.
- biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction/adduction, some rotational movements.
- example; trapezium and 1st metacarpal.
24
Q
what is a ball and socket joint?
A
- ball fitting into a cup like projection.
- multiaxial; flexion/extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction (combination of all above movements).
- examples; only two; shoulder and hip joint.
25
outline the spinal nerves.
- there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves associated with segments of the spinal cord that leave the vertebral canal through corresponding foramen.
- each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord via a ventral (anterior) and dorsal spinal root(posterior).
26
outline the ventral root.
- arises from the ventral horn and carries motor (efferent fibres).
27
outline the dorsal root.
- the dorsal root ends at the dorsal horn and carries afferent nerves (sensory).
28
is the spinal nerve composed of both the ventral and dorsal spinal root?
- yes therefore the nerve is both sensory and motor.
29
when do the spinal nerves split?
- they split immediately after exiting the vertebral canal.
they split into a ventral and dorsal ramus.
30
outline the ventral rami;
- they are thicker than the dorsal and form somatic nerve plexuses in the cervical, lumbar and sacral regions.
- the thoracic regions ventral rami are known as intercostal nerves.(T1-T11).
- the ventral rami of T12 is known as the subcostal nerve.
31
do the intercostal nerves form a distinct nerve plexus?
NO.
32
outline the dorsal rami;
- they supply the paravertebral musculature and overlying skin.
33
outline the cervical spinal nerves;
- C1 to C8.
- emerge from the vertebral canal above the cervical vertebrae.
- because there are only 7 cervical vertebrae the spinal nerve C8 passes between C7 and T1.
- the ventral rami of these nerves either come from the cervical plexus (C1-C4) or brachial plexus (C5-T1).
34
outline the thoracic spinal nerves;
- exit the vertebral canal below the corresponding vertebrae.
- the ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves (intercostal spaces) travel the intercostal spaces and mainly supply the intercostal and abdominal muscles.
- brachial plexus.
35
outline the lumbar spinal nerves;
- exit the spinal canal below the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.
- the ventral rami of these nerves forms the lumbar plexus (L1-L4).
36
outline the sacral spinal nerves;
- emerge from the vertebral canal through the sacral foramina.
- the ventral nerves form the sacral plexus.
- (L4-S4) and contributes to the coccygeal plexus.
37
outline the coccygeal plexus;
- a pair of spinal nerves the ventral rami form the coccygeal plexus with contribution from the sacral nerves (S4-S5).
38
what nerves are included in the cervical plexus? (C1-C5)
1. lesser occipital nerve (C2-3).
2. greater auricular nerve (C2-3).
3. transverse cervical nerve (C2-3).
4. supraclavicular nerve (C3-4).
5. Phrenic nerve (C3-4).
6. subscapular nerve (C5-6).
39
what nerves are involved in the brachial plexus? (C5-T1).
1. Axillary nerve.
2. Musculocutaneous nerve.
3. radial nerve.
4. median nerve.
5. ulnar nerve.
6. intercostal and subcostal nerves.
40
what nerves are in the lumbar plexus? (L1-L4)
1. iliohypogastric (L1).
2. ilioinguinal (L1).
3. genitofemoral (L1-2).
4. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. (L2-3).
5. Femoral nerve (L2-4).
6. Obturator nerve ( L2-4).
7. Lumbosacral trunk (L4-5).
41
what are the nerves of the sacral plexus?
1. superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1).
2. Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2).
3. Sciatic nerve (common--> splits to femoral and tibial nerve).(L4-S3).
4. posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-3).
5. Pudendal nerve (S2-S4).
42
outline the intervertebral joints;
- each vertebrae articulates with the upper and lower vertebrae in 2 ways.
- bodies of the vertebrae articulate with the upper and lower vertebrae via a intervertebral disc.
-1. articulations of vertebrae are functionally amphiarthrodial and structurally cartilaginous symphysis joints. the individual vertebrae only move slightly on eachother.
2. the articular processes of superior and inferior vertebrae articulate with each other ( synovial planar joints called zygapophysial (facet) joints.
43
what is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
- it is a broad and strong band of fibers which extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae, from the occipital bone to the sacrum.
- it prevents backward bending and supports the anterior convexity in the lumbosacral area.
44
what is the posterior longitudinal ligament?
- it is situated within the vertebral canal and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae, from the body of the axis to the sacrum.
- the PLL does not attach directly to the bodies but covers a plexus of arteries veins and lymphatics and the nutrient foramina through which these vessels pass to the cancellous bone of the body.
- The PLL has a relatively low tensile strength and does not significantly restrict forward bending.
45
What is the intervertebral disc?
- A fibrocartilaginous structure that intervenes between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae and binds them together.
- it accounts for 20-25% of the length (height) of the vertebral column. and is made of 2 parts.
46
What are the 2 parts of the vertebral disc?
1. the nucleus pulposus; fills central part of the disc and is gelatinous in nature which absorbs compression forces between the vertebrae.
2. the annulus fibrosus; it is made of collagen fibres which form the peripheral part of the disc.
47
what is the zygapophyseal joint?
- made from the articulation between superior and inferior articular processes.
- it belongs to the diarthrodial (synovial) variety and are enveloped by capsules lined by synovial membrane. The articular capsules are more extended and looser in the cervical than in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
48
The laminae, spinous and transverse processes are connected by which of the following?
1. the ligamentum flavum.
2. the supraspinous ligament.
3. the interspinous ligament
4. the intertransverse ligaments.
5. the nuchal ligament.
49
what is the ligamentum flavum?
- connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, from the axis to the first segment (vertebrae) of the sacrum).
- their marked elasticity serves to preserve the upright posture and to assist the vertebral column in resuming after flexion.
50
what is the supraspinous ligament?
- a strong fibrous cord which connects together the apices of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebrae to the sacrum.
51
what are the interspinous ligaments?
- thin and membranous, connecting adjoining spinous processes and extend from the root to the apex of each process.
52
what is the intertransverse ligament?
- are interposed between the transverse processes.
53
what is the nuchal ligament?
- is a fibrous membrane which in the neck represents the supraspinous ligaments of the lower vertebrae.
- it extends from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebrae.
54
what are the two cranio-vertebral joints?
1. atlanto-occipital.
2. atlanto-axial.
55
outline the atlantoaxial joints.
- there are three, two lateral and one medial.
- the lateral are synovial gliding joints made between the lateral masses of the atlas and the superior articular process of the axis.
- the medial atlantoaxial joint is a synovial pivot joint formed by the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. this joint allows rotation of the atlas upon the axis.
- the axis of motion is vertical through the dens and approximately 50% of rotation in the cervical spine occurs here.
56
what are the supportive elements of the atlantoaxial joints?
1. anterior atlantoaxial ligament (membrane).
2. posterior atlantoaxial ligament (membrane).
3. transverse ligament of the atlas.
57
outline the anterior atlantoaxial ligament;
- this ligament is a strong membrane, fixed , above to the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas below to the front of the body of the axis.
58
outline the posterior atlantoaxial ligament;
- this ligament is broad and thin.
- it attaches superiorly to the lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas and below/inferiorly to the upper edges of the laminae of the atlas. it supplies the place of the ligamentum flavum.
59
outline the transverse ligament of the atlas;
- it is a strong band that arches across the ring of the atlas and retains the odontoid process in contact with the anterior arch of the atlas.
-It is firmly attached on either side to a small tubercle on the medial surface of the
lateral mass of the atlas. As it crosses the odontoid process, a small fasciculus is prolonged upward, and another downward,
from the superficial or posterior fibers of the ligament. The former is attached to the basilar part of the occipital bone, in close
relation with the membrana tectoria; the latter is fixed to the posterior surface of the body of the axis; hence, the whole ligament
is named the cruciate ligament of the atlas.
60
what are the two ligaments that connect the axis to the occipital bone?
* Tectorial membrane is situated within the vertebral canal. It covers the odontoid process and its ligaments, and appears
to be a prolongation upward of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column.
* The Alar ligaments arise one on either side of the upper part of the odontoid process and, passing obliquely upward and
lateral ward. They are inserted into the medial sides of the condyles of the occipital bone.
* In addition to the ligaments which unite the atlas and axis to the skull, the ligamentum nuchae must be regarded as one of
the ligaments connecting the vertebral column with the cranium.
61
outline the atlanto occipital joint;
* Articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone consists of a pair of synovial condyloid (condylar) joints.
62
What are the 3 ligaments that connect the atlas and occipital bone?
* The articular capsules surround the condyles of the occipital bone, and connect them with the superior articular surfaces
of the lateral masses of the atlas. they are thin and loose.
* The Anterior Atlantooccipital Membrane passes between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and the
upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas below
* The Posterior Atlantooccipital Membrane is connected above, to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum; below, to
the upper border of the posterior arch of the atlas.
63
what are uncovertebral joints?
-“ joints” or cleft (of Luschka's joints) are synovial planar joints formed between uncinate processes of the cervical
vertebrae. They are located in the cervical vertebrae between C3 and C7. Two lips project upward from the superior surface of the
vertebral body below and one projects downward from the inferior surface of vertebral body above. They allow for flexion and
extension and limit lateral flexion in the cervical spine.
64
what are costovertebral joints?
-articulations of the head of the ribs constitute a series of synovial planar (gliding) joints (diarthrodial joints). They are formed by
the articulation of the head of the typical ribs with the facets on the sides of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and with the
intervertebral discs between them. The 1st , 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs each articulates with a single vertebra. The ligaments of these
joints are:
65
what are the costovertebral joints?
1. radiate ligament of head of rib.
2. the intra-articular ligament of the head of the rib.
66
what is the radiate ligament of the head of the rib?
- connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two
vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them.
67
what is the intra-articular ligament of the head of the rib?
- is situated in the joint’s interior. It attaches on one end to the crest separating
the two articular facets on the head of the rib, and on the other end to the intervertebral disc. It divides the joint into two cavities
68
What are some key elements of the ribs?
Elevation and depression of the ribs occur by a
pivoting motion through an anterior-posterior axis
crossing the costovertebral and costotransverse joints.
The orientation of the upper ribs is more horizontal and
the motion of elevation produces an increased anterior
diameter of the rib cage (pendulum movement OR
pump-handle movement).
The lower ribs (7th- 10th) have a more oblique
downward orientation, and elevation of the ribs
increases the transverse diameter of the rib cage.
69
what are costotransverse joints?
- are formed
between the tubercle of the rib with the
articular surface on the adjacent
transverse process (diarthrodial joint).
70
what are the ligaments of the costotransverse joints?
1. the superior costotransverse ligament.
2. the costotransverse ligament.
3. the lateral costotransverse ligament.
71
what is the superior CT ligament?
- is attached below to the
upper border of the neck of the rib
and to the transverse process
immediately above.
72
what is the CT ligament?
- connects the rough surface on the
back of the neck of the rib with the
anterior surface of the adjacent
transverse process.
73
what is the lateral CT ligament?
- passes obliquely from the
tip of the transverse process to the
rough non-articular tubercle of the
rib.
74
what are the sternocostal and costochondral joints?
- * The articulations of the cartilages of the true
ribs with the sternum are synovial joints,
except for the first rib, in which the cartilage
is directly united with the sternum and which
is, therefore, a synchondrosis articulation.
75
What are the ligaments of the sternocostal and costochondral joints?
- the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments.
76
What are the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments?
- consist of broad
and thin membranous bands that radiate
from the front and back of the sternal
ends of the cartilages of the true ribs to
the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
sternum.
77
what movements are produced in the sternocostal joints?
- Slight gliding movements are
permitted in the sternocostal joints.
78
what are the costochondral articulations?
-The lateral
end of each costal cartilage is received into
a depression in the sternal end of the rib,
and the two are held together by the
periosteum. They are all synchondrosis
types of the joint (structurally are
synarthrosis).
79
what are the components of a typical vertebrae?
1. body.
2. vertebral (neural) arch.
3. laminae.
4. pedicles.
5. transverse processes.
6. spinous processes.
7. superior and inferior articular processes.
8. superior and inferior vertebral notches.
9.vertebral foramen.
80
what are the components of a typical cervical vertebrae?
- C3-C6.
- superior and inferior articular processes.
- bifid spinous process.
- transverse process.
- uncinate process of uncovertebral joints.
- transverse foramen.
81
what are the atypical cervical vertebrae?
- c1, c2 and c7.
82
why is C1 atypical?
- no body or spinous process.
- anterior and posterior arches.
- lateral masses with superior and inferior articular facets.
83
why is C2 atypical?
- dens (odontoid process).
- thick bifid spinous process.
- superior and inferior articular facets.
84
why is C7 a atypical vertebrae?
- very long spinous process. non-bifurcated.
85
what are the components of a typical thoracic vertebrae?
- superior and inferior articular facets.
- facets on the body (demi, semi or hemi facets on the transverse processes for articulation with the ribs.
