WEEK 1

Question 1

define physiology

Answer 1

• physiology is the science of life.
• a branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things.
• it has roots in physics, chemistry and math
• it covers cell function at the ionic and molecular level to how organisms behavior and the influence of the external environment
• it is a experimental science

Question 2

why is physiology important?

Answer 2

• describes how the body works, how it responds and adapts to challenges
• describes disease processes
• helpful for developing treatment
• promotes healthy living
• helps develop healthy environments

Question 3

describe the levels of biological organization and understand physiology’s scope

Answer 3

levels of biological organization:
atoms > molecules > Genes > organelles > cells > tissues > Organs > organ system > organisms > pop. of one species > ecosystem (community of species) > biosphere

physiology’s scope: ranges from molecules to organisms and the influence of the external environment

Question 4

what are the recurrent themes in physiology

Answer 4

Biological energetics
physiological compartments
communication
homeostasis

Question 5

describe biological energetics

Answer 5

• refers to the energy economy of the cell
• cells need energy to work
• two forms of energy: Kinetic and potential

Question 6

describe the different types of kinetic energy

Answer 6

Kinetic energy is the energy that powers movement.
- mechanical- directly powers the movement of matter
- thermal - the energy of the motion of molecules
- radiant- kinetic energy of photons
- electric- energy of moving ions. the movement of ions create a current

Question 7

describe the different types of potential energy

Answer 7

Potential energy is stored energy
chemical bonds- energy stored in bonds that assemble atoms into molecules
concentration gradients- difference in concentration of substance on either side of permeable barrier
electrical potential- the energy of charge separation

Question 8

define the difference between kinetic and potential energy

Answer 8

• kinetic energy is the energy that powers movement and is not stored
• potential energy is stored energy found in chemical bonds, concentration gradients and electrical potential

Question 9

How many liters make up interstitial fluid?

Answer 9

13

Question 10

what separates the intracellular compartment and the extracellular compartment?

Answer 10

plasma membrane

Question 11

what makes up the extracellular compartment?

Answer 11

Blood plasma
interstitial fluid
transcellular fluid

Question 12

what are the concentrations of the interstitial fluid?

Answer 12

Na+ = 145 mM
K+ = 4.5 mM
Cl-= 116 mM

Question 13

what are the concentrations of the blood plasma?

Answer 13

Na+= 142 mM
K+= 4.4 mM
Cl-= 102 mM
protein= 1 mM

Question 14

how many liters make up the blood plasma?

Answer 14

3 liters

Question 15

how many liters make up the transcellular fluid

Answer 15

1 liter

Question 16

what are the concentrations of the transcellular fluid

Answer 16

its variable

Question 17

how many liters make up the intracellular fluid

Answer 17

25 liters

Question 18

what are the concentrations of the intracellular fluid compartment

Answer 18

Na+= 15 mM
K+= 120 mM
Cl-= 20 mM
protein= 4 mM

Question 19

what is the total body water

Answer 19

42 liters

Question 20

what is the difference between plasma and the interstitial fluid

Answer 20

plasma is rich in plasma proteins, whereas interstitial fluid has none

Question 21

what are the three processes of thermoregulation

Answer 21

• heat production
• heat loss
• heat transfer

Question 22

most dietary fat is in the form of what?

Answer 22

triglycerides

Question 23

fatty acids found in animal triglycerides are _____

Answer 23

saturated ones

Question 24

fatty acids found in plant triglycerides are ______

Answer 24

unsaturated ones. except tropical oils

Question 25

what is the energetically favorable form of phospholipids

Answer 25

sealed compartment

Question 26

what is found on the outerleaflet of the phospholipid bilayer (non-cytosolic leaflet)

Answer 26

phosphatidyl choline (PC) sphingomyelin glycolipids

Question 27

what is found on the inner leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer (cytosolic leaflet)

Answer 27

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phosphatidyl serine (-)

Question 28

characteristics of the fluid mosaic model

Answer 28

bilayer is a viscous fluid lipids and proteins can diffuse freely proteins provide specific functional properties

Question 29

possible lipid movement in the bilayer includes

Answer 29

flexion rotation lateral diffusion flip flops

Question 30

factors that influence membrane fluidity

Answer 30

saturated vs. unsaturated hydrocarbon tails cholesterol (low temps= more fluid; high temp= less fluid)

Question 31

describe tight junctions

Answer 31

seal adjacent cells together function as selective permeability barriers utilize Claudins and occludins that are anchored to actin filaments

Question 32

describe adhering junctions

Answer 32

seal cell-cell junctions utilize cadherin proteins that are linked to the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

Question 33

describe desmosomes

Answer 33

cell-cell junctions utilize desmosomal cadherins that are linked to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

Question 34

describe hemi-desmosomes

Answer 34

cell-matrix junctions formed from intergrins and linked to intermediate filaments

Question 35

what are the functions of the glycocalyx?

Answer 35

protection mechanosensing regulating cell signaling regulating of membrane protein diffusion immune regulation and checkpoint inhibition

Question 36

define brownian motion (aka pedesis)

Answer 36

the random motion of particles suspended in a gas or liquid medium - causes diffusion and osmosis - driven by the kinetic motion of the system - solutes move and collide, then ricochet in random directions but overtime does not travel very far

Question 37

how to calculate concentration gradient

Answer 37

dC/dX C= concentration X= distance

Question 38

the rate of diffusion through a solvent is dependent on _____

Answer 38

the concentration gradient size of the molecules and possible interactions of solvent with the solute * diffusion will continue until the solute molecules are evenly distributed throughout the volume of solvent (aka equilibrium)

Question 39

calculate diffusion in a bulk fluid

Answer 39

J = D * (dC/dX) J= flux D= diffusion coefficient

Question 40

define flux

Answer 40

flux; the number of particles moving past a given region divided by the area of that region per unit time. larger concentration = larger flux larger distance = smaller flux

Question 41

the rate of diffusion across a membrane depends on _____

Answer 41

surface area of the membrane diffusion coefficient concentration gradient thickness of the membrane

Question 42

calculate diffusion across a membrane

Answer 42

J = D * A * (dC/dX) J= flux D= diffusion coefficient A= surface area C= concentration gradient X= thickness of the membrane lipophilic membrane= large surface area non-lipophilic membrane= smaller surface area

Question 43

membrane proteins that mediate simple diffusion across a membrane

Answer 43

pores (non-gated channels) - always open ion channels

Question 44

essential components of ion channels

Answer 44

the gate sensor selectivity filter channel pore

Question 45

what are the mechanisms for gating or opening ion channels

Answer 45

- a change in voltage across the plasma membrane - binding of a specific ligand to a ligand binding domain. there is no conformation change induced - application of mechanical force

Question 46

lipophilic molecules require a membrane protein to cross the membrane? true or false

Answer 46

false

Question 47

permeability coefficient is

Answer 47

the flow of solute in moles per second per square cm membrane

Question 48

what do aquaporins do

Answer 48

permit the flow of water across a membrane

Question 49

water transport helps regulate ____

Answer 49

cell volume

Question 50

the Na-K ATPase pumps Na out of the cell, K into the cell and keeps ______

Answer 50

water from entering the cell

Question 51

Km (binding constant) equals

Answer 51

1/2 Vmax

Question 52

In facilitated diffusion the transport of the solute is sped up across the membrane true or false?

Answer 52

true

Question 53

two types of glucose transporters are

Answer 53

GLUTs (glucose transporters) and SGLTs (sodium-linked transporters)

Question 54

what does GLUT2 do

Answer 54

facilitates transport of glucose and galactose across the membranes of many tissues especially the liver and Beta cells of the pancreas

Question 55

glucose is transported across the membrane through

Answer 55

facilitated diffusion

Question 56

what does GLUT5 do

Answer 56

transports fructose

Question 57

example of primary active transport

Answer 57

Na-K ATPase 3 Na out ; 2 K in -1 charge for every cycle of the pump. this transport maintains the electrochemical gradient needed for secondary active transport

Question 58

glucose concentration is higher where compared to other fluid compartments

Answer 58

- epithelial cells

Question 59

scientist who founded the fluid mosaic model

Answer 59

Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson

Question 60

gap junctions allow water, ions, and small molecules to pass through. True or false

Answer 60

True