Week 1 Flashcards

Question

What are the types of phentotypic variation?

Answer 1

Physical, physiological and behavioural

Answer 2

Phenotypic variation in a population – assisted by mutation The variance is heritable through genetics Survival / reproduction success is influenced by phenotypes Individuals compete to survive and reproduce – many fail Successful individuals perpetuate the genes for good phenotypes Phenotypes with high fitness are selected to continue

Answer 3

Beak variation in a population – assisted by mutation Survival / reproduction success is influenced by beak shape / size / colour / strength Successful individuals perpetuate the genes for good beaks Different beak shapes for different niches

Answer 4

Behaviour evolution is the same as evolution but with behaiours not physical traits

Answer 5

Guarding the entrance to the hive, can recognize when the hive gets too hot and use wing fanning to cool it, communicate into the hive to draw individuals out to help

Answer 6

Sense organ Neuronal/Hormal Muscle

Answer 7

Gather information about physical, chemical and biologial environment

Answer 8

Silk moth antennae - pheromone detection - can detect pheromones up to 30 miles away form female

Answer 9

Tympanic membrane absorbs sound

Answer 10

Sensili on the back of an arthropod – attached to a nervous system, hairs pick up info on air movement or touch

Answer 11

Stretch receptor sitting on the outside of a females sperm storage organ, when the storage organ is full the stretch receptor is full the female stops mating and moves onto lay eggs.

Answer 12

Simple photo receptor organ – is it light or dark? Move to photo receptor that sits in a cavity – so detect directional component of light Moce to exadurated chamber, narrower opening means more sophisticated range of directionality Retina development, wider range of photoreception – can start to get images rather then the direction of light vs dark Development of a lens – image can become focused and more detailed to individual photo receptors Human eye, lens, iris to control the amount of light, deep retina with photo cells, complex optic nerve

Answer 13

Action potential (electrochemical flux) passes down the neuron from dendrite/sense organ and generates release of neurotransmitter into the next neuron/neuromuscular junction

Answer 14

Concentrated ganglia/brains allow information storage

Answer 15

Build from simple neural net in hydra To compex nerves dissected out of a human

Answer 16

Nerves are relatively simple in themseleves but it can be much more complex if you incorporate hormonal systems that can influence nerve transmission an storage, speed up slow down attenuate it Brains have millions of neurons stored in the brain which allow processing and storage to happen – memory

Answer 17

Mating behaviour in female rats If not much oestrogen then behaviour is aggressive to males If lots of oestrogen, then fertile then submission

Answer 18

Simple structures that can form complex articulating organisms Motors that allow physical movement and behaviour

Answer 19

Myosin and actin sliding against each other Individual fibers are comprised within myofibril – which make mucles cells – make muscles - multiple mucles work within an organ or limb

Answer 20

Stereotypical and automatic unit of behaviour Simple stimulus and neural pathway Form is constant, consistent and usually momentary

Answer 21

With knee tap – stretch muscle fibres and ligaments, nervious system picks it up though to the spinal chord which then tells the musle to contract Knee jerk reflex is an automatic way of how to walk – done unconsciously, knee jerk reflex is telling you how to balance and walk and run

Answer 22

Innate and stereotypical behaviour/ repertoire More complicated neural control and stimuli More prone to vary in relation to context and habituation

Answer 23

Predation evasion flight of moths Bats use echo location – high frequency sound reflected off objects and allows it to have a visual picture in the dart Bats use reflected sound Moths need to be aware of the sound – moths have a fixed action pattern to evade bats.

Answer 24

Pick up a high frequency call sound on their thorax ear – tympanic membrane – evolved to be sensitive to the frequency of sound of the bat Moth moved into erratic diving flight to avoid bat when they hear the bat

Answer 25

Moths have also evolved a counter adaptation to predation Tiger moths – can jam sound of the bats echo location as it comes into predate the moth Emit a sound using a timble – sound producing organ jams the ability of the moth to echo locate

Answer 26

Moths with silenced timble, moths get contacted and eaten Moths with the timble generally avoid being eaten

Answer 27

Hawkmoths can also jam bats echoloctation using their genitalia Genitalia on abdomen to make jamming sound

Answer 28

Frequency / intensity of fixed action patterns can vary due to internal and external factors

Answer 29

Mating and nesting patterns in sticklebacks Female appears with swollen belly – male stimulated Female attracted to redness of male Reproductive courtship – signals by swimming to the nest Female follows male Male shows entrance to the nest Male encourages female into the nest and prods her to stimulate her that this is a great nest Female enters nest, drops eggs and male follows the female to fertilise the eggs. Joins up to compex series of behaviour

Answer 30

Derives from simple fundamental structures: sense-nerve-muscle Systems can be built from simple reflexes to hierarchically complex interacting behaviour

Answer 31

Hydra simple predation on daphnia - Catching it Stinging it, absorbing I eating it. African wild dog coordinating hunting so that they switch form being the lead to a more resting run

Answer 32

Causation Development Evolution Function

Answer 33

Causation – how air flows through vocal apparatus to make song Development – genetic disposition to learn song from parents Evolution – how does this behaviour arise in the species? How song had evolved in songbirds from their avian ancestors. The most primitive living birds make very simple sounds, so it is reasonable to assume that the complex songs of starlings and other song birds have evolved from simpler ancestral calls Function – why is this behaviour adaptive for the species?Songbirds sing to attract mates for breeding, and so singing increases the reproductive success of males

Answer 34

Behavioural ecology focuses on the adaptive function of behaviours, and how they impact survival and reproductive success

Answer 35

Because day length triggers hormonal changes and/or air flowing through their syrinx makes membranes vibrate Because their genes code for an instinctive response to a change in hormone concentration Because they have learnt song from their parents/conspecific Because their ancestors had simple songs that became more complex over time Because complex song attracts mates and drives competitors away

Answer 36

Descriptions & explanations based on immediate cause and mechanism (stimuli, genetics, hormones, experience)

Answer 37

Explanations based on survival/reproduction value or functions in nature

Answer 38

What is the adaptive significance of a particular behaviour or trait? What is the fitness value of that behaviour? Why did that behaviour or trait evolve? Why do other species exhibit similar or different behaviours or traits? Why does that behaviour change under those circumstances?

Week 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)