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Sem 2: Behavioural ecology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What explains many of the differences between male and females?

A

Primary gamete traits can explain many differences between males and females = Numerous, cheap sperm vs few expensive eggs

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2
Q

What is the Bateman principle?

A

Bateman’s principle, in evolutionary biology, is that in most species, variability in reproductive success (or reproductive variance) is greater in males than in females

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3
Q

How does the number of offspring change compare to number of mates?

A

Males = more mates the more offspring
Females = more mates have no impact on number of offspring

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4
Q

How does the Bateman principle impact evolution on males and females?

A

Male = MORE SELECTION ON MALES TO MAXIMISE QUANTITY
Female = MORE SELECTION ON FEMALES TO MAXIMISE QUALITY

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5
Q

What are the potential reproductive rates of elephant seal males and females over a lifetime?

A

Male = ~100 offspring
Female = ~8 offspring

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6
Q

What are the potential reproductive rates of red deer male/female over a lifetime?

A

Male = ~24 offspring
Female = ~28 offspring

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7
Q

What are the potential reproductive rates of Kittiwake males/females over a lifetime?

A

Males = ~26 offspring
Females = ~28 offspring

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8
Q

What does the sperm/egg phenomenon dictate?

A

The male:female OR sperm/egg phenomenon
also dictates reproductive success variance = the (in)consistencies in reproductive success within either sex

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9
Q

What is the fertilisation success of male elephant seals?

A

An individual male elephant seal can fertilise all cows on the beach.
75% of offspring by only 5% of the males

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10
Q

What dictates reproductive rate per sex?

A

ANISOGAMY + PARENTAL CARE / INVESTMENT = DICTATES THE POTENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE RATE BY EITHER SEX

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11
Q

What is the famous quote about sexual selection?

A

What governs the operation of sexual selection is the relative parental investment of the sexes in their offspring

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12
Q

What is the quote about the relationship between the two sexes when it comes to sex?

A

Since the total number of offspring produced by one sex of a sexually reproducing species must equal the total number produced by the other, then the sex whose typical parental investment is greater than that of the opposite sex will become a limiting resource for that sex

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13
Q

What quote summaries the difference in strategies for sex between males and females?

A

Individuals of the sex investing less will compete among themselves to breed with members of the sex investing more, since an individual of the former increases its reproductive success by investing successively in the offspring of several members of the limiting sex

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14
Q

What differences in reproduction influence the evolution of male and female mating patterns?

A

Differences in reproductive potential
Differences in reproductive success variance
Differences in parental investment

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15
Q

What is the overall reproductive of males based off gametic traits?

A

Invest less in zygote/offspring fitness (gamete / zygote / embryo / care)
Compete for reproductive success
High variance in reproductive success
High reproductive potential

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16
Q

What is the overall reproductive of females based off gametic traits?

A

Invest heavily in zygote / offspring fitness (gamete / zygote / embryo / care)
Tend to be the ‘choosy’ sex
Low variance in reproductive success
Lower reproductive potential

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17
Q

What is the operational sex ratio?

A

Ratio of sexually receptive males to sexually receptive females

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18
Q

What is the potential rate of reproduction in males and females?

A

Males: cheap gametes, shareable care or no care
Females: expensive gametes and/or care

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19
Q

Is operational sex ratio biased?

A

Yes, it is male-biased

20
Q

How can operational sex ratio impact females?

A

Weak mating competition
High mate choice

21
Q

How can operational sex ratio impact males?

A

Intense mating competition
Low mate choice

22
Q

What can impact operational sex ratio?

A

The environment –> aggregation of resources and mates and/or sex ratios

23
Q

What impacts mating pattern?

A

Gametic traits –> mating behaviour which can be shaped by selection from ecology into a mating pattern

24
Q

What are mating patterns?

A

Mating patterns are descriptors of behaviour related to acquisition of mates for reproduction
Classifications are useful for understanding the evolution of mating patterns
Mating patterns are complex and can be plastic

25
Q

What is an overview of monogamy?

A

One male mates with one female
Associated with biparental care
Social vs genetic monogamy
90% of bird species

26
Q

What are examples of contrasting parental care in monogamy?

A

Emperor penguin - Biparental care needed for successful reproduction
Willow ptarmigan - Males only act as sentinels

27
Q

What is an overview of polygyny?

A

One male mates with several females
Usually without paternal care
Usually overt male:male competition
Sometimes sneak/satellite males
Often associated with male-biased sexual size dimorphism

28
Q

What are examples of polygynous?

A

Gorilla- Extreme size dimorphism
Elephant seal- extreme size dimorphism and harems
Great reed warbler - Complex song and size dimorphism

29
Q

What is an overview of Lekking?

A

Leks are organised displays of male secondary sexual traits
for females to choose from – usually biased success to few males
FEMALES GAIN NOTHING BUT SPERM=GENES
Females choose males signalling ‘good genes’
Male reproductive success is extremely skewed

30
Q

What is an example of male Lekking?

A

White bearded manakin: Lek with 22 males and 437 matings
1st male achieved 328 matings (75%)
2nd male achieved 56 matings
All other ~20 males achieved 53 matings between them

31
Q

What is an overview of polyandry?

A

One female mates with several males
With or without paternal care
Generates sperm competition
Common and can occur within social monogamy

32
Q

What are examples of polyandrous?

A

Baboons - females mate with numerous group males
Moorhens - Extra males incubate

33
Q

What is an overview of polygamy / promiscuity / Polygynandry?

A

Many males mate with many females
No pair bonds formed
Uniparental/parental care uncommon
Common in non-bird/mammal taxa

34
Q

What are examples of polygamy?

A

Tribolium castaneum - seen in many insects / invertebrates
Rhea - But very few birds
Giant clam - Broadcast - spawners

35
Q

What is an example of alternative mating tactics?

A

Paracerceis sculpta – marine isopod
Alpha males = dominant have harems
Beta males = mimic females typically guard one female
Gamma males = sneaker so will find a female and mate this is repeated

36
Q

What is the relationship between the three different life strategy between the Paracerceis sculpta males?

A

Alpha males dominant beta males in a fight
Beta males guard one female preventing gamma males from sneaking
Gamma males and get passed alpha males and mate with multiple members of the harem

37
Q

What is an example of alternative mating tactics in birds?

A

Gouldian finch
Red headed finches dominant over yellow and black
Black headed dominants over yellow headed finches

38
Q

What is an example of alternative mating strategy in females?

A

Female can develop to look identical to immature or mature males or females. The looking like males though to reproduce attention from males which can decrease fitness and also allows for females choice

39
Q

What is an example of male mate choice?

A

Seen in the stalk-eyed fly, Telopsis dolmanni

40
Q

What is an overview of the mate choice Telopis dolmanni?

A

Males perform the Lek
Male chooses females with wider eye
This was recreated in the lab
In both field and lab there was a preference for males for female with wider eye –> potential sign of good genes
Male also choose female that better fed as better fed – more fecund

41
Q

What are the advantages of being a choosy male in Telopis dolmanni?

A

Better offspring quality and quantity

42
Q

What is ecology?

A

Distribution of mates in time and space influences the evolves mating pattern

43
Q

What factors in ecology can impact mating patterns?

A

Time and space

44
Q

How can time impact mating patterns?

A

High asynchrony of mate favours polygamy; high synchrony favours monogamy

45
Q

How can space impact mating patterns?

A

Spatial and temporal pattern of resource dispersion eg food, breeding sites and mates
Widely spaced females = constraints promoting monogamy
Aggregated females = potential for polygamy

46
Q

How did they show the impact of space on mating patterns?

A

Mating patterns across lizard species
Negative correlation between female range size and number of females per male territory
Female territory of 1 m2 = ~5
Female territory of 10,000 m2 = ~1

Sem 2: Behavioural ecology (11 decks)

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