Week 1

Question 1

What is the greek word for ethics?

Answer 1

ethos

Question 2

What does ethics mean shortly?

Answer 2

means manner/custom/way/practice
a way of acting, a religious ethos

Question 3

Ethics in latin?

Answer 3

ethicus

Question 4

Explain the meaning of ethics

Answer 4

Ethics is about human
conduct
A code or science of what
is right and what is wrong
Right conduct/behaviour
Doing what is good or right
yourselves
Defending what is good or right
Recommending what is good or right

Question 5

Who coined the word ethics?

Answer 5

Aristotle

Question 6

What does Aristotle believe?

Answer 6

in virtuous living

Question 7

What is virtuous living?

Answer 7

Virtuous living
How to live a good life
A moral life which is made up of good conduct
Which Aristotle argues leads to happiness

Question 8

What is the practical aim of ethics?

Answer 8

to be good
to act well in your profession

Question 9

What is the good doctor?

Answer 9

Knowledge is not enough
Moral code is required
To become a virtuous doctor
Medicine is a moral community
Because it is a moral enterprise
Its members are bound together by a common moral purpose

Question 10

Examples of ethics in medicine

Answer 10

Philosophical & applied ethics
Normative & descriptive ethics
Medical ethics and bioethics

Question 11

Define ethics simply

Answer 11

Simply defined ethics is a philosophical discipline concerning human
behaviour and how to act well which may be applied to any endeavour

Question 12

What is morality?

Answer 12

Is the value dimension of human behavior; good-bad duality
involves adhering to a specific belief system or code of conduct

Question 13

Ethics and morality

Answer 13

is concerned with how a person should behave in a way that is morally
correct or good
based on values and reasoning
It refers to the rules that form moral codes about what is right/wrong etc

Question 14

Ethics vs morality

Answer 14

ethics is primarily a matter of knowing whereas morality is a matter of
doing

Question 15

Ethical claims

Answer 15

1. descriptive or empirical
   (claims about the world)
   e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global climate change
   2.normative or prescriptive or evaluative
   (claims about how the world should be)
   e.g. Greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized

Question 16

What is bioethics?

Answer 16

It is concerned with ethical issues of biomedical scientific technologies and
the future of human life.

Question 17

What is Medical ethics

Answer 17

is an area of ethics concerned with the practice of clinical medicine and
scientific research.
has a flexible set of solutions (facts, logic, syllogism)
often seen as a proscriptive activity telling you what you cannot do
in many cases it can be very freeing; affirming that you are doing the right thing.

Question 18

Explain bioethics in detail?

Answer 18

the branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life sciences.

Question 19

Modern issues in bioethics

Answer 19

Designer babies
* DNA banks
* Genetic modification and agricultural activity
* Human genome and associated challenges

Question 20

Modern issues in bioethics

Answer 20

Designer babies
* DNA banks
* Genetic modification and agricultural activity
* Human genome and associated challenges

Question 21

What is ethical reasoning?

Answer 21

The ability to reflect on moral issues in the abstract and in
historical narratives within particular traditions.
the ability to identify, assess, and develop ethical arguments
from a variety of ethical positions

Question 22

What is an ethical argument?

Answer 22

An assertion based on solid and coherent premises
One based on ethical theories
In clinical practice, The ethical aspects of decision-making need
to be explicit and reasons have to be given for the decisions
taken

Question 23

How to develop and ethical argument?

Answer 23

1. Duty and rights
   taking the right action
2. Character and relationships
   being good persons
3. Consequences
   predicting best possible outcomes

Question 24

What is the ethical code in medicine?

Answer 24

To help resolve disputes between family, patients, physicians, or other
parties.
To adhere to professional duty and maintain a clear conscience.
To identify an ethical challenge and not make yourself look uninformed.
To maintain the respect of your patients.
To maintain respectful relationships with other clinicians.
To maintain some efficiency in decision making and the care process.
To reduce burnout (physicians’ personal values vs those of their
organisation)

Question 25

What happens in the absence of ethics?

Answer 25

Ethical violations Medical errors The patient feeling their dignity is not respected; the are not heard Lack of trust in the doctor patient relationship & the medical profession Lack of adherence to treatment Conflict of interests Causing physical/emotional/financial injury to patients through inappropriate behaviour Doctors withholding treatments or promoting unnecessary treatments to meet personal or institutional interests

Question 26

What is ethics in medicine?

Answer 26

An ethical code for practice A corpus of professional guidelines A way of reasoning that promotes human good and reflects a virtious practitioner

Question 27

What are core values in medicine and medical ethics?

Answer 27

1. Compassion Concern for patient’s condition and distress 2. Competence Scientific, technical, cultural, ethical 3. Autonomy or self-determination Individual and collective decision-making procedures

Question 28

Hippocratic Oath

Answer 28

Hippocratic Oath was written specifically to prevent self interested doctors from harming individual patients in ancient times Hippocrates 460 BC - 370 BC Translation of the Hippocratic Oath by Ludwig Edelstein (1967)

Question 29

What is the hippocratic oath today?

Answer 29

In developing a universal code there is the problem of: “How to develop an all embracing ethical code of practice if one makes the code relative to local circumstances?”

Question 30

What is "The Law"?

Answer 30

the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognised and enforced by judicial decision’

Question 31

What is "Medical Law"?

Answer 31

Establishing standards & defining principles/procedures on how physicians are required to deal with ethical issues in patient care and research

Question 32

What are the regulatory issues in medical law?

Answer 32

Regulatory issues; medical licenses, monitoring and regulation of clinical conduct dealing with misconduct/malpractice

Question 33

Criminal Law

Answer 33

Criminal law concerns matters serious enough to be considered offences against the whole community

Question 34

Civil Law

Answer 34

Civil law concerns dealings between private individuals or groups.

Question 35

Statute

Answer 35

Statute refers to written law decided by the legislature or other government agency (e.g. Acts of Parliament); it is relatively difficult to change

Question 36

Common Law

Answer 36

Common law is based on precedent or case; it concerns decisions made by judges and it’s relatively more malleable

Question 37

What is personal and professional ethics?

Answer 37

1. Personal ethics refers to the ethical values and standards that a person identifies with in respect to people and situations that they deal with in everyday life. 2. Professional ethics refers to the ethical guidelines and rules that a person must adhere to in respect of their interactions and dealings in their professional life.

Question 38

What is The World Medical Association?

Answer 38

International organisation representing physicians (1947-) * provides ethical guidance to physicians through its Declarations, Resolutions and Statements * guide National Medical Associations, governments and international organizations throughout the world * in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 39

What is the General Medical Council?

Answer 39

Regulatory body for medical professionals in the UK * Maintain and manage a register of doctors licensed to practice medicine in the UK * Set professional standards of practice – ethical guidance * Supervise medical education and training * Revalidation & appraisal of doctors’ fitness to practice * Investigate on concerns about doctors and enforce professional discipline

Question 40

What are some ethical problems in medical practice?

Answer 40

Withholding treatment to meet an organization's budget, or because of insurance policies; * Upcoding to get treatment covered; * Getting romantically involved with a patient or family member; * Covering up a mistake; * Reporting an impaired colleague; * Prescribing a placebo; * Practicing defensive medicine to avoid malpractice lawsuits; * Breaching patient confidentiality owing to a health risk.

Question 41

Why does ethical analysis matter?

Answer 41

* Patient care is enhanced * Staff avoid moral distress and potential ‘burnout’ * Teams function more effectively & inclusively * Enhances productivity, efficiency & morale * Maintains reputation & accountability * Ethics quality is integral to the wider quality debate in healthcare