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week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functional groups used in biological systems

A

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl (acidic)
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate

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2
Q

What is the structure of a hydroxyl?

A

R-OH

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3
Q

What is the structure of a carbonyl (aldehyde)?

A
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4
Q

What is the structure of a carbonyl (ketone)?

A
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5
Q

What the structure of a Carboxyl (acidic)?

A
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6
Q

What is the structure of an Amino?

A
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7
Q

What is the structure of a Sulfhydryl ?

A
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8
Q

What is the structure is a Phosphate?

A
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9
Q

What is the compound of a hydroxyl?

A

Alcohol; present in sugars and some amino acids

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10
Q

What are the compound of a Carbonyl ?

A

Aldehyde; present in sugars
AND
Ketone; present in sugars

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11
Q

What are the compound of a Carboxyl (acidic) ?

A

Carboxylic acid; present in fatty acids, amino acids.

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12
Q

What are the compound of an Amino ?

A

Amine; present in amino acids

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13
Q

What are the compound of a Sulfhydryl ?

A

Thiol; forms disulfide bonds when present in adjacent amino acids

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14
Q

What are the compound of a Phosphate ?

A

Organic phosphate; present in nucleotides and phospholipids.

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15
Q

Define monomer

A

Monomer: A monomer is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid. Monomers join to form polymers

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16
Q

Define Polymer

A

Polymers: a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

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17
Q

What are the types of polymers?

A

Starch, DNA strand, Polypeptide, triglyceride.

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18
Q

Define macromolecules

A

Macromolecules: a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

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19
Q

What are the types of monomers?

A

Monosaccharide, Nucleotide, Amino acid, Fatty acid.

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20
Q

What are the types of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates.
Nucleic acids.
Proteins.
Lipids.

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21
Q

What is The structures and roles of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates serve as energy storage and structural materials

Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars.

Carbohydrates are a loosely defined group of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

examples: sugars, starch, glucose

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22
Q

What are Monosaccharides:?

A

Simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates or other molecules in the cell.

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23
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

3 carbon sugars; Glyceraldehyde

5 carbon sugars; Ribose, Deoxyribose

6 carbon sugars; Glucose C6H12O6

Fructose; Structural isomer

Galactose; Stereoisome

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24
Q

What is D-Glucose?

A

Glucose is a common sugar found in biology

Product of photosynthesis

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25
Function of d-glucose?
Serves as a building block for many other carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen and cellulose
26
Fill in the blanks Carbohydrates include ... and ...
simple sugars and polysaccharides
27
What is dehydration synthesis and its role?
Dehydration synthesis binds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide. Sucrose is a disaccharide
28
What is hydrolysis
Hydrolysis seperates disaccharides into monosaccharides
29
What are Polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides; Made via dehydration synthesis
30
Function of polysaccharides
Energy storage; Starch–plants. Glycogen–animals. Structural support; Cellulose–plants. Chitin–arthropods, fungi
31
What are some biological functions of carbohydrates?
Provide structure Function as short and long-term storage of chemical energy Part of backbones of nucleic acids Combine with proteins (glycoproteins) Combine with lipids (glycolipids)
32
What is the structures of nucleic acids
-The primary structure of each protein in a cell is determined by the sequence of nucleic acids in DNA. -Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides. -Sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base= nucleotide -Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA -Nitrogenous bases include; Purines: adenine and guanine. Pyrimidines: thymine (only in DNA), cytosine, uracil (only in RNA). -The carbon atoms that are part of the nitrogenous base or ribose sugar are numbered
33
What are the 5 different possible nitrigenous bases?
34
What is the Structure of DNA?
-DNA stores coded information -Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose -DNA is double-stranded -Covalently-bonded sugar and phosphate molecules make up sides (backbone) DNA -Hydrogen-bonds joins bases between strands
35
DNA Complementary bases
-Thymine (T) always (almost always) pairs with adenine (A) -Guanine (G) always (almost always) pairs with cytosine (C) -Base sequence of all the genes is called the genome
36
What is the structure of RNA?
RNA similar to DNA except: -Its called Ribose not deoxyribose -RNA uses uracil not thymine -Often exists as single polynucleotide strand -Synthesis of RNA uses the information in DNA. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (excludes retroviruses) -Specifies sequence of amino acids in proteins
37
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and hydrogen binding between base-pairs. RNA: Ribose-phosplate backbone.
38
Whay is nucleic acid Dehydration synthesis?
Dehydration synthesis binds two nucleotides together, shown below. DNA and RNA are long chains of nucleotides.
39
What are the roles of protein?
-Proteins are the “workers” of cells; they facilitate so many processes: Proteins like collagen create cellular structures and Proteins like actin and myosin produce muscle contractions. -Protein functions include: 1. Enzyme catalysis 2. Defence 3. Transport 4. Structural Support 5. Motion 6. Regulation 7. Storage
40
What is the structure of proteins?
Proteins are made of amino acids Proteins are polymers; Composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains, Each chain = polypeptide. Amino acid structure; Central carbon atom, Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH), Single hydrogen, Variable R group The monomers of proteins are amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids in nature. All amino acids have the same general structure.
41
Amino acids properties
Each amino acid has its own chemical and physical properties The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R-groups. Some are polar, some are nonpolar, some are charged. Some are small, some are medium, some are bulky.
42
What is Proteins: synthesis and breakdown
Dehydration synthesis binds two amino acids together, forming a dipeptide, shown below. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.
43
Which cellular machine/organelle synthesises proteins?
Ribosomes are the molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits.
44
why do polypeptides fold?
Polypeptides fold to give proteins there appropriate 3- dimensional structure that is required for their functioning
45
Polypeptide folding explained
A chain of amino acids folds into a unique 3-D shape to become a protein.
46
The function of a protein depends on ....
its shape, or tertiary structure.
47
Denatured proteins lose their ....
shape.
48
What is protein folding?
Protein folding also involves the congregation of hydrophobic amino acids in a hydrophobic interior of the protein ‘hidden’ away from water molecules
49
What is Denaturation of proteins
Loss of structure and function due to Environmental conditions; pH, Temperature (excess heat Ionic concentration of solution
50
What are Lipids?
Loosely defined group of molecules Insoluble in water High proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds They are Hydrophobic
51
examples of lipids
Etc; Fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins, Terpenes,Steroids (cholesterol), Prostaglandins
52
What is phospholipids and cholesterol?
Phospholipids and cholesterol are important lipids with a variety of functions Phospholipids are components of cell membranes. Cholesterol is a common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones.
53
What do phospholipids contain?
A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. Three fatty acids are attached to the glycerol of a fat molecule.
54
Lipids are a collection of ....
different hydrophobic molecules
55
All lipids are ....
hydrophobic.
56
Different groups of lipids include molecules with ...
varying structure and function.
57
Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are NOT ....
built from chains of monomers.
58
What are the Classes of lipids?
Triglycerides; (Fats and oils), are energy rich. We need them for long-term energy storage. AND Steroids are another group of lipids. They have a 4-ring structure.
59
what are Steroids ?
Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function
60
what is the base steroid in our body?
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids. Eg: sex hormones.
61
what is the structure if steroids?
The carbon skeleton is bent to form 4 fused rings
62
Examples of carbohydrates:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
63
function of carbohydrates
immedieate energy and stored energy; structural molecules.
64
One example of carbohydrate Monomer
Glucose
65
Lipid examples
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.
66
2 examples of lipid monomers
glycerol and fatty acid
67
Lipid functions
long-term energy storage; membrane components
68
Protein examples
structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile
69
1 example of protein monomer
amino acid
70
Protein function
Support, metabolic, motion, and regulation, transport (smmart)
71
Example of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
72
1 EXAMPLE OF nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
73
Function of nucleic acid
Storage of genetic information.

Cell biology (4 decks)

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