Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Parasitology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biosystem

A

two different species interact with each other over a significant period of time or the relationship is essential to at least one partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

symbiotic relationships

A

commensalism and mutualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

commensalism

A

“eating with,” one benefits and the other isn’t harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

commensalism examples

A

scavengers, phoresis, honey bee mites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mutualism

A

both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mutualism examples

A

intestinal lactobacillus and ciliates in rumen of ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits and the other is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sensu lato

A

broad sense, viruses, bacteria, eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sensu stricto

A

strict sense, only eukaryotes, protozoa, metazoa, excluding fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parasitoidism

A

parasitoids spend long time in or on host and then kill it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

parasitoids

A

most parasites avoid killing host because they need the host to survive, parasitoids are designed to kill the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parasitoid examples

A

lampreys on freshwater fish as ectoparasitoids and killer wasps on cicadas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

infection

A

active or passive penetration of microorganisms into the body in which they can multiply and cause diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

infection exemption

A

it is not considered infection if the host doesn’t support the infectious agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parasitology

A

active penetration, diseases, and infected body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

parasitology: active penetration

A

invasion mostly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

parasitology: diseases

A

only pathogenic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

parasitology: infected body

A

host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who is the guest?

A

parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ectoparasites

A

external parasites including arachnids and insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ectoparasites: arthropods

A

extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endoparasites

A

internal parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

endoparasites: helminths

A

extracellular or intracellular, most extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

endoparasites: protozoa

A

extracellular or intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endoparasites: arthropods

A

extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the advantage of being intracellular?

A

hide from immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ectoparasites: arachnids

A

mites (scabies) and ticks (lone star tick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ectoparasites: insects

A

fleas (dog flea), lice (head louse), mosquitoes (anopheles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

endoparasites: helminths (worms)

A

trematodes (sheep liver fluke), cestodes (fox tapeworm), nematodes (hookworms), acanthocephala (macranthorhynchus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

helminths: trematodes

A

flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

helminths: cestodes

A

tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

helminths: nematodes

A

roundworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

helminths: acanthocephala

A

thorny-headed worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

endoparasites: protozoa

A

amoebae (entamoeba), ciliates (rumen cialiate isotricha), flagellates (trypanosoma), sporozoa (toxoplasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who is the host?

A

animals and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

host: animal vertabrates

A

warmblooded animals, all kinds of parasitic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

host: animal invertebrates

A

bee tracheal mites, protozoa vector function (leishmania), entomopathogenic nematodes (heterorhabditidae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

host: plants

A

pine beetle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

potential usage of parasites

A

medical leeches, population control, hookworms to reduce asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

parasitism

A

a form of ecological interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

parasitism: host organism

A

variety in invertebrates and vertebrates, many parasites can go through multiple hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

parasitism: infectious agent

A

variety of eukaryotes, including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

comparison of related free living and parasitic species

A

parasitic forms show genetic reductions, loss of functional organs, new structure or adaptations to parasitic lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

genetic reductions

A

reduced functions due to readily available resources results in smaller genome size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

loss of functional organ/organelle

A

results in inability for certain processes due to having readily available resources like cholesterol or nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

new structures or adaptations to parasitic lifestyle

A

enabling immune response evasion, antigenic variety, novel sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

free living mite vs parasitic mite

A

free living mite has longer legs for mobility, thicker exoskeleton for protection, and is smooth. parasitic mite has short legs, spikes to attach, and thin exoskeleton due to protection from host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

divergent evolution

A

evolution of two or more similar species from a common anscestral stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

close taxonomic relationship but may develop different features

A

divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

convergent evolution

A

evolution of two or more similar species from unrelated forms adapted due to the same selection pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

significant taxonomic distance but develop similar features

A

convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

convergent evolution example

A

wolf and tasmanian wolf, not related but similar features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

divergent evolution example

A

trichomonas found in T. Rex found in several birds and reptiles today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

divergent evolution is mainly in parasites

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

the more host species

A

the more parasite species

56
Q

the more host diversity

A

the more parasite diversity

57
Q

high host specificity / mono/oligoxenic

A

highly adapted to one host, bound to host survival, specialization on predictable resources to minimize extinction risk

58
Q

high host specificity cons

A

if the host evolves and the parasite doesn’t the parasite will die. so dependent on host that if the host dies or goes extinct, the parasite will die

59
Q

high host specificity pros

A

so specialized that they interact closely and work with host immune system to reduce harm to the hosts and resources are used more efficiently

60
Q

low host specificity / polyxenic

A

wide variety of hosts accepted, generalists that have higher abundance and survival opportunity

61
Q

low host specificity cons

A

not as adapted and get less out of resources

62
Q

low host specificity pros

A

more available resources and hosts, and harder to eradicate

63
Q

is host susceptibility reversible?

A

possible but not relevant because it would take a long time period to discover

64
Q

monoxenous

A

high host specificity, one host

65
Q

polyxenous

A

low host specificity, many hosts

66
Q

oligoxenous

A

intermediate host specificity, few hosts

67
Q

co-evolved host parasite systems

A

certain mutual tolerance, compound organism with little damage of each other, destruction of host leads to destruction of parasite

68
Q

compound organism example

A

pigeon tick and pigeon

69
Q

compound organism spread to new hosts

A

no mutual tolerance, higher pathogenic effects, parasite may be limited for survival and replication, host reacts strongly and doesn’t sustain parasite

70
Q

antiquity period

A

Ebers names human endo and ectoparasites visible to naked eye, aristotle identified round worms

71
Q

middle ages and renaissance

A

necropsy prohibited, Moufet though that they were beneficial to rid the body of toxic substances

72
Q

Modern times

A

pasteur found that spontaneous generation does not exist, texas fever agent found in 1883, parasite related immunity found in 1928, interest after world war 2

73
Q

Wholistic point of view

A

1946, many different fields of knowledge, host, environment, migration patterns, and parasite

74
Q

today

A

19,000 journal publications, one health, molecular and cell culture tools, modern morphology, close collaboration

75
Q

parasitism is a ecological interaction

A

host organism, infectious agent, close interaction and co-evolution

76
Q

parasitology

A

relatively young science considering host and parasite aspects contributing to disease mechanisms

77
Q

long term co-evolution is essential to parasite

A

trichomonas in T rex and birds

78
Q

rarely any sudden changes in host spectrum

A

pigeon ticks

79
Q

significant structural adaptation

A

parasitic mites

80
Q

Hosts in life cycle

A

number of hosts per cycle, possible transmission to humans, types of hosts

81
Q

transmission

A

modes of transmission, endogenous vs exogenous phages

82
Q

one host

A

homoxenous, with or without external phase, the host is generally identical to definitive host

83
Q

what occurs in the definitive host?

A

sexual replication of the parasite

84
Q

two or more hosts

A

heteroxenous, with or without external phase, different types of hosts (definitive and intermediate)

85
Q

what occurs in the intermediate host?

A

further development of the parasite or asexual multiplication of the parasite

86
Q

additional facultative hosts may be included in both kinds of life cycle but are _________ for parasite transmission and multiplication

A

not essential

87
Q

which parasites use definitive hosts?

A

all parasites except for some ectoparasites

88
Q

which parasites use intermediate hosts?

A

in heteroxenous parasites and ectoparasites without parasitic adult stages

89
Q

non-essential host types

A

paratenic host and accidental host

90
Q

paratenic host

A

if developmental stages are transmitted to this organism but do not undergo multiplication or significant morphological changes (transfer host)

91
Q

why are paratenic hosts useful?

A

helpful for transmission and protection

92
Q

paratenic host species

A

invertebrates and earthworms

93
Q

accidental host

A

host who is infected randomly and from which further transmission is impossible (development may occur)

94
Q

accidental host characteristics

A

dead end hosts, cause infection, parasite grows but cannot close lifecycle

95
Q

monoxeny

A

strict specificity to one single host species

96
Q

oligoxeny

A

restriction to few hosts

97
Q

polyxeny

A

wide host range

98
Q

reservoir hosts

A

harbor main population of parasites, static transmission

99
Q

parasitic stage: temporary stage

A

specific stage is only shortly in or on the host

100
Q

parasitic stage: stationary stage

A

specific stage is always on the host

101
Q

parasitic lifecycle: permanent

A

all stages in or on any host

102
Q

parasitic lifecycle: periodical

A

exogenous stages exist

103
Q

what kind of parasite is an asian tiger mosquito?

A

temporary/periodical because it is parasitic during adult stages and it comes and goes from its host

104
Q

what kind of parasite is a human head louse?

A

stationary/permanent because all stages are blood feeding

105
Q

what kind of parasite is a roundworm?

A

stationary/periodic because it has free living stages

106
Q

horizontal transmission

A

between hosts of the same species or in populations of different host species

107
Q

horizontal transmission routes

A

contact (venereal), oral uptake of long-term stages (exogenous, endogenous), transmission by an (arthropod) vector

108
Q

vertical transmission

A

mother organism to offspring

109
Q

vertical transmission routes

A

prenatally (intrauterine) or lactogenic to neonates

110
Q

arthropozoonosis

A

parasite transmitted from animals to humans, animal = reservoir

111
Q

zooanthroponosis

A

transmission from humans to animals, humans = reservoir

112
Q

zootherionosis

A

parasite transmitted from wild to domesticated animals, wild animals = reservoir hosts

113
Q

theriosthitasonosis

A

transmission from domestic to wild animals, domestic animals = reservoir hosts

114
Q

how do domestic animals pass parasites to wildlife?

A

cattle grazing on public lands and manure fertilizer

115
Q

endogenous infective stages

A

developmental stages can be infective, persistent stages are infective

116
Q

exogenous infective stages

A

persistent stages with developmental stages inside (hatching), adult stages in ectoparasites

117
Q

infective stage characteristics

A

endoparasites vs ectoparasites, ingestion or active invasion

118
Q

parasite survival and distribution

A

multiplication potential, survival potential, distribution options, and tolerance by host

119
Q

multiplication potential

A

fecundity and biotic potential

120
Q

survival potential

A

persistence in host and tenacity in the environment

121
Q

distrubution

A

usage of reservoir or transfer hosts

122
Q

tolerance

A

evolution and co-evolution

123
Q

multiplication potential variables

A

duration of one life cycle and number of offspring per lifecycle

124
Q

multiplication potential limitation

A

pathogenicity, parasites don’t want to cause death of the host

125
Q

survival potential strategy: persistence

A

endogenous stages including immunoevasion and formation of persistent stages

126
Q

survival potential strategy: tenacity

A

exogenous stages including starving and resistance towards physical and chemical stress

127
Q

physical stressors

A

temperature, UV light, and aridity

128
Q

chemical stressors

A

acidic or alkaline media, enzymes, and chemical disinfectants

129
Q

parasite distribution factors

A

host radius and relocation habits, host population density, host specificity and switch potential, seasons

130
Q

parasite distribution: host radius

A

confinement or globalization of domestic animals

131
Q

parasite distribution: seasons

A

environmental conditions and host availability

132
Q

parasite distribution: fauna, flora, water and environmental conditions

A

usage of paratenic hosts, mechanical and biologic vectors

133
Q

mechanical vector

A

transport parasite stages, does not assist with development and multiplication

134
Q

biologic vector

A

transport and support development and multiplication

135
Q

vector definition

A

non-essential or optional hosts but helpful for transmission

136
Q

parasite lifecycle depends on …

A

multiplication, survival, host spectrum, mode of transmission, and distribution

Veterinary Parasitology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions