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ANAT2011 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic tissue types in the body?

A

Epithelial and Endothelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Neural tissue

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2
Q

Description and Function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Single or stratified cell layer connected via tight junctions
Covers lining of body tubes that communicate with the exterior of the body
Covers the outer surface of skin and other internal organs
Endothelium lines blood vessels
Forms glands that secrete products onto surface or into lumen of tube
Main functions: protection, absorption, secretion

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3
Q

Description and Function of Connective Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue found underneath epithelium has lots of cells and ground substance
Dense CT - less cells, more protein fibres
Cells mostly fibroblasts are separated and secrete extracellular matrix
Ground substance contains proteoglycans, glycoproteins and polysaccharides that trap water
CT is a matrix for vessels, glands and nerves which can be embedded within it

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4
Q

Name specialised connective tissues

A

blood, bone, and cartilage

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5
Q

Description and Function of Muscle Tissue

A

Bundles of large cells containing contractile proteins actin and myosin
Cells are elongated and bundles of cells are aligned in same direction to synchronise contraction

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6
Q

What are the types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal (striated, voluntary control)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary control)
Smooth (non-striated)

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7
Q

What are striations

A

the regular arrangement of actin and myosin protein filaments inside the cells

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8
Q

Description and Function of Neural tissue

A

Networks of connected nerve cells (neurons) and their supporting cells (glia)
Some neural tissue in the G.I.T can operate semi independently of the brain to enable movements of the G.I.T
contains motor and peripheral neurons

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9
Q

Function of peripheral neurons

A

they have specific sensory receptors that receive information from the external and internal environment and then relay this information to other neurons - allowing integration to occue

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10
Q

Function of motor neurons

A

relay info back out to the body (muscle vessels and glands) enabling physiological response

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11
Q

Name the distinct layers of the wall of the GIT

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventitia

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12
Q

What does the mucosa contain

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis Mucosa

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13
Q

What is the mucosa

A

secretes mucus- a thick protective fluid to stop pathogens and prevent dehydration
lines the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems

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14
Q

What’s epithelium

A

single or multiple layers of cells
simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple columnar
no blood supply

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15
Q

What’s Lamina Propria

A

Loose connective tissue directly underneath epithelium
Contains blood vessels, small capillaries, circulating lymphocytes, immune cells, fibroblasts, nerves, extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What’s Muscularis Mucosa

A

Circular layer of smooth muscle for localised movement

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17
Q

Whats the Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue embedded with
glands and lymph nodes
peripheral nerve plexi (Meissner’s plexus)
Larger vessels that send branches to the mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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18
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

2-3 layers of smooth muscle
Function = peristalsis
Peripheral nerve plexi = Auerbach’s/myenteric plexus (nerves that are mostly neurons controlling the smooth muscle)

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19
Q

Serosa

A

Simple squamous epithelium = mesoepithelium
Loose/dense connective tissue, adipocytes, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
Secretes a watery fluid to prevent friction of the suspended surface within the body cavity

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20
Q

Adventitia

A

Is present when the structure is not suspended in the body cavity, occurs when structure is attached to another structure e.g connecting oesophagus and trachea
NO epithelium
Loose/ dense CT

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21
Q

What are the histological features of the oesophagus

A

Mucosa-
Stratified squamous epithelium
Thin muscularis mucosa
Submucosa-
Many mucous glands for lubrication
Muscularis externa-
Skeletal Striated muscle in upper
Smooth in middle and lower
Sphincters-
Form in circular smooth muscle layer Prevents air entry and prevents reflux

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22
Q

What are the sections of the stomach

Study These Flashcards
A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

23
Q

Folds of mucosa + submucosa which allow for stretch

24
Q

Stomach mucosa

Study These Flashcards
A

Function = digestion to chyme
mucosa
simple columnar epithelium
dips into lamina propria and makes these gastric glands
muscularis mucosa very thin

lamina propria
loose ct with obvious immune cells
lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages

25
What cells are present in the stomach mucosa
Mucous cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells
26
What is the gastric pit
where the surface epithelium dips down into the lamina propria
27
What is the gastric gland
branched tubular variety of cell types embedded in the lamina propria
28
Function of mucous cells
located between the epithelial cells, most abundant in neck of glands renewed every 3-5 days secrete mucous nucleus at base of cell, apical cytoplasm filled with mucous
29
Function of parietal cells
Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein, which allows body to absorb vit b12 and loss of production pernicious anaemia) Large cells, triangular shape, centrally located nucleus, bright pink staining cytoplasm with H +E intracellular canalicular system that opens into lumen of gland numerous microvilli projections cytoplasm 40% mitochondria
30
What's the intracellular canalicular system
This is a system of small, tubular channels found within the parietal cells of the stomach. These channels are lined with microvilli, which increase the surface area for secretion. The intracellular canalicular system connects with the lumen (the hollow space) of the gastric gland, which is where the secretions are released.
31
Function of chief cells
Located deeper in the parietal cells in the gland protein secreting pepsinogen RER gives cytoplasm a bluish colour zymogen granules in apical cytoplasm pepsinogen + HCL --> pepsin --> protein and peptides
32
Define Zymogen granules in apical cytoplasm
Zymogen granules are storage vesicles in the cytoplasm that contain inactive precursor enzymes, also known as zymogens. Apical cytoplasm refers to the part of the cytoplasm near the apex or the uppermost part of the cell that is closest to the lumen (the inside space of a tubular structure, such as a gland or the intestines).
33
Function of Enteroendocrine cells - G cells, enterochromaffin cells in stomach
Secretion is regulated by gastric contents released into CT near blood vessels Small cells Short microvilli Gastrin, histamine, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, VIP, substance P
34
Stomach submucosa
dense irregular CT vessels Meissner's nerve plexus adipose
35
Stomach muscularis externa
3 layers of smooth muscle nerves and vessels between Myenteric (Auerbach's Plexus)
36
What is the small intestine made up of
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
37
Mucosal surface circular folds in small intestine
Plicae circulares
38
Where are the Payer's patches located
Ileum
39
Small intestine mucosa
Absorption and secretion Villi covered with simple columnar epithelium which dips into lamina propria making intestinal glands (crypts) Enterocytes (glycoprotein and glycolipid +digestive enzymes secreted by enterocytes) + goblet cells
40
Modifications to increase surface area for absorption in small intestine mucosa
plicae villi microvilli
41
Lamina propria in small intestine mucosa
loose CT contains fenestrated wide-lumened capillaries circulating immune cells small clusters of smooth muscle cells
42
What are the cells in the small intestine mucosa for absorption
Enterocytes Goblet cells Paneth cells
43
Function of Paneth cells
produces antimicrobial peptides and release them out of the surface of the epithelium to regulate normal flora of small intestine
44
Small intestine submucosa
dense irregular CT large blood and lymphatic vessels Meissner's nerve plexi of the enteric nervous system Brunner's glands seen in the duodenum Peyer's patches seen in ileum lymphoid tissue - located in lamina propria and submucosa
45
Function of enteroendocrine cells in small intestine mucosa
Release hormones with an endocrine function CCK (cholecystokinin) and secretin increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity Motilin initiates gastric and intestinal mobility release hormones with paracrine (local) effect - somatostatin inhibits and histamine stimulates acid secretion
46
Function of Brunner's glands
produces a mucous alkaline buffering secretion that neutralises the stomach acid to protect the small intestine
47
Small intestine muscularis externa
Inner layer - circular orientation of smooth muscle; segmental contraction to mix contents peristalsis to move contents Outer layer -longitudinal orientation of smooth muscle: peristalsis contraction Auerbach's plexus of myenteric nerves located between the 2 smooth muscle layers
48
Small intestine Serosa
simple squamous mesothelial cell layer with an underlying CT = mesothelium
49
Large intestine function
Absorption of water and electrolytes Addition of mucus for lubrication Elimination of waste
50
Parts of the Large Intestine
Vermiform Appendix Caecum Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon Rectum Anal colon
51
Colon Mucosa
No villi Crypts of Lierberkuhn Stem cells in crypts divide to produce all epithelial cells Enterocytes and goblet cells live only for 6 days before shed in lumen Epithelium Enterocytes - simple columnar epithelial cells Goblet cells abundant, 4:1 in colon 1:1 in rectum enteroendocrine cells intraepithelial lymphocytes common
52
What are the Crypts of Lierberkuhn
Numerous simple tubular glands embedded in lamina propria
53
Whats Teniae Coli
Outer layer - muscularis externa Longitudinal bands of smooth muscle Between these bands, the longitudinal layers forms an extremely thin sheet
54
Anal Canal
Internal anal sphincter formed in the muscularis externa External anal sphincter Upper region simple columnar epithelium numerous glands and goblet cells Lower region Stratified squamous epithelium Numerous glands Anal columns Vertical folds of mucosa and submucosa Allow stretch Contain renal arteries and veins Enlarged dilated vessels = haemorrhoids

ANAT2011 (5 decks)

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