week 1 Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
drug
A
chemical compound that may produce psychological, behavioural and physiological effects
2
Q
psychoactive effects
A
alterations in cognitive, behavioural and motor processes
eg. euphoria, perceptual time distortions, hallucinations, increased libido
3
Q
commonly used drug groups
A
alcohol
caffeine
nicotine
cannabis
hallucinogens
inhalants
major stimulants
sedative-hypnotics
opiates
the same drug may fall into different categories depending on usage
4
Q
ways of studying drug use on populations
A
surveying
- different methodologies across surveys make it hard to compare results
5
Q
canadian tobacco alcohol and drugs survey
A
- canadians 15 of older
- approx 20% of the canadian population will develop a substance use disorder at some point
- approx 67,000 deaths every year attributable to substance use (overdose, cancer, accident etc.)
- approx 80% of canadians in the survey consumed an alcoholic beverage in the last year
- 20% exceeded the low risk alcohol drinking guidelines
(women, less than 2 standard drinks per day, max 10 per week)
(men, less than 3 standard drinks per day, max 15 per week) - 15% current smokers
- 15% tried e cigarettes
- 20% used cannabis the past year, born in canada 30%, not born 15%
- 3% stronger drugs
6
Q
dicetylmorphine
A
heroin
- heroin is morphine with two acetyl grops added
- minor change of the morphine molecule, enters the brain more rapidly, more rewarding and addictive
7
Q
chemical name
A
- describe the type of molecule and the location of the chemical groups of the molecule
8
Q
generic name/ non proprietary name
A
- commonly used name, given by a company and can only be used by that company
eg, prozac, valium
9
Q
street name
A
- sometimes derivatives of the trade name (eg, benzedrine = bennies)
- sometimes effect of the drug (the love drug)
10
Q
process of administering a drug and effects
A
- must be administered and absorbed (into blood circulation)
- drug is then distributed throughout the body via the circulatory system
- drug reaches the site of action, exerts its effect, leaves the site of action
- drug gets metabolised into an unactive form
- the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
11
Q
pharmacokinetics
A
-administration
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- elimination
12
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
- processes involved in the interaction of the drug with receptors
13
Q
routes of administration
A
- oral
- absorption across the mucous membranes (snorting)
- inhalation or pulmonary
- injection (intravenously, subcutaneous, intramuscular)
14
Q
routes of administration
oral
A
- pass from the stomach/small intestine to the bloodstream
- drugs that are alkaline (most drugs) become ionized in the stomach and cannot pass into the bloodstream
- exit the stomach into the small intestine, more alkaline and can be absorbed through diffusion
- routed to the liver where a substancial part may be metabolized (first pass metabolism) before the drug can produce an effect
15
Q
routes of administration
mucous membranes
A
- nose, eyes, vagina, rectum, across skin
- witch trials, vaginally absorbed plant hallucinogens, poles slathered with ointments
- skin usually by accident, pesticides, nicotine patch
16
Q
routes of administration
inhalation
A
- lung damage
- nicotine, thc, solvents (glue, gasoline)
- solvents: huffing, bagging
17
Q
why are drugs inhaled are faster
A
- enter circulation
- intravenous, go to the right side of the heart, lungs, left side of the heart and then into general circulation
- vs lungs skip going to the right side of the heart, only 5-10 second difference
18
Q
routes of administration
injection
A
- more rapid in areas with greater volumes of blood, muscles
- intravenous, blood flow not relevant as directly in the bloodstream
- mainlining = intravenous
- skin popping = subcutaneous
19
Q
time after drug administration
A
- inhalation
- injection
- snorting/huffing
- injestion
20
Q
factors affecting the distribution of a drug
ionization
A
- weak acids, weak bases
- ionized molecules are noy readily absorbed
- percent of nonionized molecules determines the rate of absorption
- less and less acidic further away from the stomach
21
Q
drugs that are weak acids..
A
- ionized in alkaline environments
- less ionized in acidic environments
22
Q
drugs that are weak bases
A
- ionized in acidic environments
- less ionized in alkaline environments
23
Q
factors affecting the distribution of a drug
lipid solubility
A
- diffusion, higher to lower concentration
- if high concentration of a drug in the blood it will diffuse acrsss the blood blain barrier to an area of lower concentration, depends on the drug molecules able to penetrate the cell membranes
- lipid soluble compounds penetrate cell membranes more readily than non lipid soluble compounds
- eg heroin much more lipid soluble than morphine
24
Q
blood brain barrier
A
- permeability characteristics of brain capillaries is restricted
- reduces diffusion of water soluble and ionized molecules, does not impede lipid soluble or un-ionized materials
- similar to the placenta, drugs taken by the mother gain access to the fetal blood supply
25
drug concentration in fetal blood....
- reaches 75% of that of the mother within 5 minutes of administration, can be higher sometimes
26
receptor binding
- drugs exert their effects by interacting with the receptors at the relevant target tissue (the brain)
- bond forms between charged groups in the receptor molecule and oppositely charged groups on the drug
- proportional effect to the fraction of occupied receptors
27
agonist
- drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter
- may occur because agonist binds to receptors, causes neurotransmitter to leak from the presynaptic element, blocks reuptake of released neurotransmitter/ inhibits metabolic breakdown of released neurotransmitter
28
antagonists
- compounds that reduce the effect of a receptor agonist by binding to active receptors but producing no pharmacological action
- naloxone, opiate receptor antagonist
29
different drugs exert different levels of...
agonistic activity
- possible to reduce the agnostic activity of one drug by using another one that will occupy the same receptors but exert a weaker agonistic action
- limited number of receptors to be occupied, even weak agonist, additional stronger one unable to access receptors
- recovery, take agonists, don't feel the rush anymore if they take the drug
30
dose-response curve (DRC)
- drugs produce biological responses that are graded according to the amount of drug administered (dose)
- vertical axis: percent of subjects exhibiting the measured effect
- horizontal axis: dose
- compare potency of drugs
- more potent more left curved
- more than one DRC per drug as they can have more than one effect
31
ED50
- dose of the drug which is effective in producing a response in 50% of subjects
32
LD50
- dose which kills 50% of subjects
33
therapeutic index for a drug effect
- ration LD50/ED50
- higher the ration, greater the difference, less likely chance lethal/toxic effects will occur
34
margin of safety
-margin of safety always smaller value than therapeutic index, more conservative measure than the therapeutic index
- LD1/ED99
35
tolerance
- chronic use, progressive attenuation of a drug effect
- shift to the right in the dose-response curve
36
sensitization
- shift to the left in the dose response curve
37
cross tolerance
- change in responsiveness to one drug may transfer to other drugs
38
tolerance does not occur to a drug....
- tolerance occurs to the drug effects
- develops at different rates to different drug effects
