week 2

Question 1

physical dependence

Answer 1

• when a chronic user of a drug experiences a withdrawl syndrome upon cessation of administration
• eg headache no caffeine in the morning

Question 2

withdrawl syndrome

Answer 2

• a characteristic set of symptoms

Question 3

negative reinforcement

Answer 3

• engaging in some behaviour terminates or prevents the occurence of some unpleasant event

Question 4

why isn’t the word “addiction” used in professional terminology?

Answer 4

• uncertain definition and negative connotations
• substance use disorder instead, can range from mild-moderate-severe

Question 5

substance use disorder

Answer 5

• cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems
• change in brain circuits that can persist beyond detoxification, relapses cravings

Question 6

3 levels of substance use disorder
impaired control

Answer 6

• take the drug in larger amounts/ over a longer period than intended
• desire to cut down/ regulate use, unsuccessful attempts

Question 7

3 levels of substance use disorder
social impairment

Answer 7

• failure to fufill major role obligations
• continued substance use despite persistent social/interpersonal problems

Question 8

3 levels of substance use disorder
risky use

Answer 8

• drug use where it’s physically hazardous
• continues substance despite knowledge of having problems
• failure to abstain from use once problem is identified

Question 9

3 levels of substance use disorder
pharmacological criteria

Answer 9

• tolerance requiring larger dose
• normal dose not having desired effect
• withdrawal symptoms

Question 10

substance induced disorders

Answer 10

• reversible, substance specific syndrome
• due to recent ingestion of a substance

Question 11

termination of drug action

Answer 11

• several routes, skin, lungs, kidneys, sweat
• most important, via urine after metabolised by liver
• liver site of enzymatic breakdown of drugs, results in metabolites
• metabolites, less readily reabsorbed from kidneys back into blood, not lipid soluble, ionized

Question 12

renal reabsorption

Answer 12

• pH dependent
• weak acids excreted more readily when tubular urine is alkaline because the weak acids become more ionized and are trapped in tubular urine
• weak bases are excreted more if urine is acidic
• used in treatment of drug toxicity, slow process

Question 13

elimination half life

Answer 13

• time needed for half of a drug dose to be eliminated from the body
• takes about 6 half lives for most of a drug to be eliminated and for a person to be considered drug free

Question 14

neurotransmission

Answer 14

• electrical impulse (action potential) travels along the axon of a presynaptic neuron toward the axon terminal
• causes vesicles to move toward the membrane of the axon terminal
• vesicle releases contents (neurotransmitters) into the synaptic gap
• bind to receptors on the post synaptic neuron, triggers action potential in the post synaptic neuron
• neurotransmitter released back into the synaptic gap
• some degraded by enzymes, some taken back into the presynaptic neuron (reuptake), repackaged into vesicles

Question 15

alcohol

Answer 15

• ethanol
• formed as a result of the conversion of sugars into cellular energy
• one molecule of glucose acted upon by yeast in the presence of heat and absence of oxygen
• produces cellular energy, 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of carbon dioxide
• naturally occurs in anything with sugar

Question 16

distillation

Answer 16

• process of creating a beverage with a higher alcohol concentration

Question 17

dr benjamin rush

Answer 17

• alcoholism is a disease an abstinence is the only cure

Question 18

temperance movement

Answer 18

• total abstinence
• alcohol prohibition legislation
• march 1918 - december 1919

Question 19

stats

Answer 19

• 15 percent all healthcare alcohol related
• 40 percent of traffic fatalities
• 50 deaths falls and fire
• die 15 years earlier
• 30x higher risk of suicide

Question 20

alcohol impairments on cognitive tasks

Answer 20

• more complex a task the lower the dose of alcohol neccesary to produce impairments

Question 21

alcohol use disorder

Answer 21

• 10% of men
• 5% of women

Question 22

AWOL

Answer 22

• alcohol without liquid, produces a fine alcohol inhaled by people

Question 23

alcohol absorption orally

Answer 23

• 20% stomach, metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase
• 80% small intestine
• greater the concentration of alcohol, more rapid absorption

Question 24

alcohol is subject to metabolism in the stomach by…

Answer 24

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 25

alcohol facts

Answer 25

- greater the concentration up to 25%, the more rapid - other chemicals in alcoholic beverages slow absorption - food slows absorption and can reduce peak BAC by as much as 50% - carbonated absorbed more rapidly - faster ingested, higher peak BAC - lean person lower BAC than person with more body fat

Question 26

male vs female alcohol metabloism

Answer 26

- 15% metabolised by alcohol dehydrogenase - women 50% less than men, women more alcohol enters blood stream

Question 27

metabolism of alcohol steps

Answer 27

- alcohol alcohol dehydrogenase - acetaldehyde acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - acetic acid oxygen - carbon dioxide water and energy

Question 28

legally impaired

Answer 28

0.05 or higher 0.05% of a persons blood