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BIOL 122 - Anatomy and Tissue Structure > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the levels of organisation?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Oeganismal
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2
Q

What are the 11 body systems?

A

Integument
Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune
Endocrine
Nervous
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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3
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Components include: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.

It is the ‘wrapping paper’ - Everything on the outside of the body

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4
Q

Functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection (eg production on melanin)

Temperature regulation

Waste elimination (eg loose small amount of urea and excess water)

Helps make vitamin D (sent to kidneys, picks up OH group, which activates the vitamin)

Detects sensations (hot, cold, touch, pain, etc)

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5
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Components include: bones, joints and cartilage

Eg: Cranium, suture, atlas, axis, calvicle, thoracic, humerus, pelvis, radius, ulna, sacral, coccyx, head of femur, calcaneus, metatarsalphalangeal joint, fibla, tibula, patella, saddle joint of thumb, phalanges, femur, lumbar, cervical, radius, scaphoid, metacarpal
(don’t need to remember all just some)

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6
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support and protection
Muscle attachments
(Some bones) house cells that produce blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids
- Bone = minerals
- Yellow bone marrow = lipids

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7
Q

What is the Muscular system?
What is its function?

A

Component: skeletal muscle

Enables movement
Stabilises body position (posture)
Generates heat

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8
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels

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9
Q

Function of cardiovascular system?

A

Transport of substances
- Gases, nutrients, waste, hormones

Temperature regulation

Waster content regulation

Defence against disease

Repair of tissues (eg platelets adhere to injured areas and enables clotting to occur)

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10
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic and immune system?

A

Lymphatic fluid (fluid going into from tissues and collected into the lymph glands then enter the blood stream)

Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils

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11
Q

Functions of the lymphatic and immune system?

A

Returns proteins and fluid to blood

Carries lipids from GI tract to blood

Protects against disease and cancer
- Thymus - t-cells (adaptive immunity)
- Lymph nodes - lymphocytes

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12
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

Hormone producing glands:

Hypothalamous
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Adrenal gland

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13
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

Co-ordinates body functions

Releases hormones from glands to have effect on target organs

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14
Q

What are the components of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eg eyes, ears)

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15
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Generate nerve impulses to regulate body activities

Detects stimuli and responds to them

Initiates muscles contraction or gland secretion

Monitor internal environment
- Thermoreceptors (heat)
- Baroreceptors (Pressure)
- Osmoreceptors (Water)
- Chemoreceptors (chemical)

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16
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system

A

Lungs and air passages

Pharynx, larynx

Trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

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17
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gaseous exchange

Regulates acid-base balance of body fluids

Enables sound production when air passes through vocal cords

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18
Q

What are the components of the digestive system

A

Organs of the GI tract
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestines

Accessory organs
- Salivary glands
- gall bladder
- liver
- pancreas

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19
Q

functions of the digestive system

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food

Absorbs nutrients

Eliminates solid waste

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20
Q

What are the components of the urinary systems

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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21
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Produce, store and eliminate urine

Eliminates metabolic waste

Regulates volume and chemical composition of the blood

Helps to maintain the acid-base balance of the body fluids

Regulates production of RBC

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22
Q

What are the female components of the reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Vagina

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23
Q

What are the male components of the reproductive system

A

Testes
Epididymus
Vas deferens
Penis

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24
Q

Functions of the reproductive system

A

Gamete production

Hormone release
- Regulate reproduction and associated body changes during puberty

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25
List bones from the skeletal system
Cranium and Suture (Skull region) Calvicle (Top of spine) Atlas, Axis, Cervical (Neck region) Thoracic (Rib cage region) Humerus (upper arm) Radius (front arm) Ulna (Back arm) Pelvis, Sacral, Coccyx (Bum area) Head of femur, femur (Top of thigh / upper leg) Tibia (front leg) Fibula (back leg) Patella (Knee) Lumbar (lower spine) Calcaneus, Metatarsalphalangeal Joint (foot) Saddle joint of thumb Phalanges (finger) Metacarpal, Scaphoid (Wrist region and back of hand)
26
What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone and corticosterone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) Androgens (oestrogen and testrosterone) Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Peptides (somatostatin and substance P)
27
What does the hormone Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone and corticosterone) do?
Aldosterone = Helps regulate blood pressure by managing sodium and potassium levels in the blood Corticosterone = plays a role in metabolism, stress and adaptation
28
What does the hormone Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) do?
Cortisol = regulates the body's stress response, metabolism, inflammation, blood pressure and sugar and the sleep-wake cycle Cortisone = same as above
29
What does the hormone Androgens (oestrogen and testrosterone) do?
oestrogen = regulates puberty, menstral cycle and pregnancy, stimulates egg follicle growth in the ovaries, (affects cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels and brain function, maintains bone strength and prevents bone breakdown) testrosterone = development of the penis and testes, deepening of voice during puberty, facial hair and pubic hair appearance and may play a role in balding muscle size and strength bone growth and sex drive sperm production later in life.
30
What does the hormone Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) do?
epinephrine = increases cardiac output, raises glucose levels in blood, stimulates sympathetic nervous system, prepares fight or flight by increasing blood circulation and breathing norepinephrine = opposite of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline)
31
What does the hormone Peptides (somatostatin and substance P) do?
somatostatin = regulates variety of bodily functions by hindering the release of other hormones, the activity of gastrointestinal tract and the rapid reproduction of cells substance P = mediates interactions between neurones and immune cells
32
Define tissue?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually have common embryonic origins and function together to perform specialised functions
33
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
34
What are the 5 different types of cell junctions?
Cell junctions = joining cells in tissues a) tight b) adherens c) desmosome d) hemidesmosome e) gap
35
What is the main role of the nervous tissue?
Detects internal and external changes in conditions and acts to maintain homeostasis. Two main cell types: Neurons, Neuroglia
36
What are the two main cell types in the nervous tissue?
1) Neurons - generate and conduct nerve impulses.​ - Cell body – nucleus and other organelles​ - Dendrites – receive signals​ - Axons – conduction over long distance​ 2) Neuroglia - non-conducting.​ Insulate, support and protect neurons.​
37
What are the three different types of neuronal cells, how are they classified?
Neuronal cells are classified according to number of processes extending from the cell body Multipolar neuron (most common eg motor neuron) Bipolar neuron (eg sensory neuron) Unipolar neuron ( mainly found in invertebrate)
38
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue generates physical force for movement, including: 1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle
39
What are the features of skeletal muscle (muscle tissue)?
- Long, cylindrical cells containing many peripheral nuclei​ - Myofilament arrangement give tissue a striated appearance​ - Attached to bones of skeleton​ - Parallel fibres​ - Voluntary movement (conscious)
40
What are features of the cardiac muscle (muscle tissue)?
- Found only in walls of the heart​ - Central nuclei​ - Cells joined end-to-end via intercalated discs - Straited and involuntary movement
41
What are characteristics of smooth muscle? (muscle tissue)
- No striations - Cells thick in middle and taper at each end - Central nucleus - Found in walls of hollow structures (eg blood vessels, lung airways, intestines etc)
42
Features of epithelial tissue (epithelium)?
Forms continuous sheets​ Functions: Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, forms glands…​ Avascular (cells have no blood vessels running through them)​ Innervated (nerves between them)​ Generally, has a high proliferative potential (high rate of cell division)​
43
What are the different types of epithelium covering/lining classifications?
Simple Stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified
44
Function and location of simple squamous (epithelium)
Function: includes filtration or exchange via diffusion​ Location: includes kidney, capillaries, alveoli, lymphatic vessels
45
Function and location of simple cuboidal (epithelium)
Function: secretion and absorption​ Location: includes kidney tubules, small glands
46
Function and location of NON-CILIATED​ simple columnar (epithelium)
Function: absorption and secretion​ Location: digestive tract, gall bladder, some excretory glands​
47
Function and location of CILIATED​ simple columnar (epithelium)
Function: moves mucous in lungs also eggs down fallopian tubules​ Location: upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes…​
48
Function and location of stratified squamous (epithelium)
Function: protection from abrasion​ Location: oesophagus (non-keratinised, epidermis (keratinised)
49
Function and location of stratified cuboidal (epithelium)
Function: protection, secretion absorption​ Location: large ducts of glands
50
Function and location of stratified columnar (epithelium)
Function: protection, secretion​ Location: e.g. urethra, ducts of some glands e.g. salivary gland
51
Function and location of transitional epithelium (epithelium)
Function: permits distension​ Location: urinary bladder, ureters
52
Features of connective tissue?
Diverse: specialised cells and ground substances. (cells, fibre and gel-like substance) Tissue that supports, protect and gives structures to other tissues/organs. Stores fat, help move nutrient or repair damage. (eg adipose, cartilage, bone, blood)
53
What is tight junction (Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, intercellular space, strands of trans-membrane proteins Function: Forms seals Location: eg skin
54
What is adherens junction (Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, microfilaments, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein, intercellular space, adhesion belt Function: Structural strength
55
What is desmosome (Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, intercellular space, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein, intermediate filament Function: Withstand intense mechanical stress/pressure Location: eg cardiac muscle, skin
56
What is hemidesmosome (Cell junctions)?
Consists of: intermediate filament, basement membrane, plasma membrane, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein in extracellular space Function: Anchor cells to extracellular matrix Location: eg skin
57
What is gap junction (Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, 6 connexons each side, gap between cells Function: Gaps for rapid exchange of substances/molecules Location: eg for blood cells or electrical impulses (skeletal muscle don't have gap junctions)
58
What are the different lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe Motor cortex Sensory cortex Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
59
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality
60
What is the role of the motor cortex?
movement
61
What is the role of the sensory cortex?
sensations
62
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling
63
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
vision
64
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
Memory, understanding, language
65
What are the three types of cell capable in secretion in glandular epithelium?
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
66
Components of merocrine cell secretion?
Most common type of secretion: goblet cells produces mucus​ Rough ER produces specialist proteins for secretion -> golgi complex​ where they are modified usually by to glycosylation​ Golgi vesicles travel to the surface of the cell - > released.
67
Components of apocrine cell secretion?
Uncommon: prostate gland, lactating mammary glands, apocrine sweat gland (integumentary system)​ Polarized epithelial tissues​ Portion of the cell is pinched off and released, including some of its organelles (mitochondria, Golgi, ER)​ The secretory product includes part of the cell as well as the secretory vesicles. ​
68
Components of holocrine cell secretion?
Rarest: the sebaccous glands. ​ Sebaccous glands cover most of our body and they produce the oily secretion which helps protect our skin and stop our cells drying out, also inside our ears we have sebaccous glands which produce ear wax.​ With holocrine secretion the entire cell disintegrates and the whole cell becomes the secretory product. ​
69
Features of Endocrine (glandular epithelium)
makes and release products directly into the blood ​ endo – within – product stays in the body​ generally secrete hormones, adrenaline adrenal glands above our kidneys
70
Features of exocrine (glandular epithelium)
makes and release products, usually through a duct or opening ​ exo – outside/external – products exit to the body surfaces or body cavities​ Unicellular, e.g goblet cells is one cell which can secrete mucus, or multicellular so composed of many cells​
71
Multicellular glands can be classified in what two ways?
Simple (no branching), Compound (branching)
72
Simple multicellular glands?
has a duct but there is no branching of the duct. Tubular: Simple tubular – intestinal glands​ Simple branched tubular – pyloric glands of the stomach​ Coil tubular - sweat gland​ Acinar/alveolar – pear-like rounded bags with wide inner free space​. Simple branched: eg sebaceous gland
73
Three types of compound multicellular glands?
Tubular eg Mucous glands, acinar eg Mammary glands, tubuloacinar eg prostate gland
74
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binds together, supports and strengthens other tissue. ​ Protects and support internal organs​ Compartmentalises (e.g the eye is enclosed by the tunica fibrosa) ​ Major transport systems (blood)​ Immune function (blood)​ Energy storage (adipose tissue)​
75
What are the three main types of protein fibres within connective tissue?
Collagen - non elastic, strong and flexible Elastic - 'rubbery' - fibrillin and elastin Reticular - thin and branched collagen with other proteins
76
What are the different cell types of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, chondrocytes, macrophages, red blood cells, white blood cells, adipocytes.
77
What are the 5 tissue types of connective tissue?
Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular) Dense (regular, irregular, elastic) Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) Bone Blood
78
What are features of areolar loose connective tissue?
Semifluid ground substance surrounds blood vessels and nerves​ All 3 fibres types loosely dispersed​ Fibroblasts predominate they secrete fibres and ground substance​
79
What are features of the adipose loose connective tissue?
Adapted to store triglycerides (fat) ​ Can also acts as shock absorber and thermal insulator in subcutaneous tissue​ Adipocytes predominate ​
80
Features of the reticular loose connective tissue?
Interwoven reticular fibres associate with reticular cells​ Forms the stroma, a supporting framework in reticular organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)​
81
What are features of regular dense connective tissue?
Closely packed parallel collagen fibres​ Found in areas where tension is exerted along axis of fibres​ E.g tendons and ligaments, cornea, sclera​
82
Features of irregular dense connective tissue?
Thick and irregular collagen fibres​ Found where tension is exerted in many different planes​ E.g. dermis of skin
83
Features of elastic dense connective tissue?
Combines strength with elasticity​ Recoils easily​ E.g. artery walls
84
Features of hyaline cartilage (connective tissue)
Most widely distributed​ At ends of bones​ Firm support with flexibility. Shock absorber​ Forms articular cartilage at ends of long bones yielding low-friction surfaces for joints
85
Features of elastic cartilage (connective tissue)
Has many more elastin fibres than hyaline cartilage​ Found where strength and flexibility are needed​ E.g. external ear​
86
What are features of fibrocartilage cartilage (connective tissue)
Parallel collagen fibres - chondrocytes ‘squeezed’ in between​ Strong and rigid.​ Strongest of 3 kinds of cartilage ​ Found where strong support is needed ​ E.g. intervertebral discs. ​
87
What are features of bone (connective tissue)
Numerous collagen fibres with matrix of inorganic calcium salts​ Supports and protects soft tissues​ Fat storage and synthesis of blood cells (stem cell niche)
88
Features of blood (connective tissue) (briefly)?
Atypical connective tissue (a liquid)​ Red and white blood cells surrounded by fluid plasma matrix​
89
A sebaceous gland has this anatomical name to describe the shape of the gland…
Simple branched acinar gland
90
What is the anatomical terms used to describe the shape of a sweat gland?
Tubular

BIOL 122 - Anatomy and Tissue Structure (4 decks)

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