Week 1

Question 1

What are the 2 subdivisions of the NS?

Answer 1

PNS (nerves and ganglia) and CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Question 2

Which subdivision is enclosed in the bone?

Answer 2

CNS

Question 3

How is the CNS organized ?

Answer 3

It includes the brain and the spina cord

Question 4

What is included in the brain?

Answer 4

-Cerebrum
-Brainstem
-Cerebellum

Question 5

What is a nerve?

Answer 5

Bundle of nerve fibers in connective tissue

Question 6

What is a ganglion?

Answer 6

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies found outside the CNS

Question 7

What is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies called in the CNS?

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

Hindbrain

Answer 8

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

Question 9

Midbrain

Answer 9

Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus

Question 10

Forebrain

Answer 10

Diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)
Cerebrum (basal ganglia and cerebral cortex)
Telencephalon

Question 11

Brainstem

Answer 11

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Question 12

What are the functional divisions of the PNS?

Answer 12

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) divisions

Question 13

Motor/ efferent

Answer 13

Signal from CNS to periphery

Question 14

Sensory / afferent

Answer 14

Signal from the periphery to the CNS

Question 15

What are the sensory divisions in charge of?

Answer 15

They are receptors signals to CNS (arriving to CNS)
-Visceral sensory (organs)
-Somatic sensory (skin)

Question 16

Visceral

Answer 16

To/from the internal structures of the body

Question 17

Visceral motor

Answer 17

Autonomic Nervous System includes:

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

Question 18

Somatic

Answer 18

To the skeletal muscles (somatic motor) or from the skin (somatic sensory)

Question 19

What are the motor divisions in charge of?

Answer 19

CNS signals to effectors (organs that carry out responses) (exit CNS)
-Visceral motor (ANS): includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (effectors: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands)
-Somatic motor: effectors are skeletal muscle

Question 20

Which is known as the fight or flight system?

Answer 20

Sympathetic division of the visceral motor division

Question 21

Which is known as the rest and relax system?

Answer 21

Parasympathetic division of the visceral motor division

Question 22

What is gray matter?

Answer 22

Area of CNS that contain primarily cell bodies and dendrites

Question 23

Nuclei

Answer 23

Collection of cell bodies with similar functions in CNS

Question 24

Ganglia

Answer 24

Collection of cell bodies with similar functions in PNS

Question 25

Cerebral cortex

Answer 25

Surface layer of gray matter of the forebrain (telencephalon)

Question 26

What are the 5 anatomical regions of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 26

1. Occipital lobe 2. Temporal lobe 3. Frontal lobe 4. Parietal lobe 5. Insula

Question 27

What is the lobe buried behind the lateral sulcus, controlling emotional aspects of pain?

Answer 27

The Insula

Question 28

What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 28

Primary and association areas They are named for the type of information they send or receive (visual or somatosensory)

Question 29

What are the primary areas of the the brain?

Answer 29

First part of cerebral cortex to receive sensory information and/or the part that sends the motor signal out of the cerebral cortex first to receive sensory info or output site for motor info

Question 30

What are the association areas of the brain?

Answer 30

Where integration of sensory and motor information occurs -75% of cerebral cortex -COGNITION (blindfold example) perform integration of multiple modalities and inputs; occupy majority of cortex

Question 31

What does cognition refer to?

Answer 31

Mental processes such as awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge and memory

Question 32

Spinal white matter

Answer 32

White columns -bundles of myelinated axons that carry signals -some ascending others descending Fasciculus Funiculus (Ant, Lat, Post)

Question 33

Fasciculus (bundle or cluster)

Answer 33

fasciculus gracilis and cuneate of posterior funiculus

Question 34

Funiculus (cord like)

Answer 34

columns of spinal cord - ant, lat. and post. funiculus

Question 35

Lemniscus (ribbon or band)

Answer 35

pathways in the brainstem - medial and lateral lemniscus

Question 36

Peduncle (stalk like)

Answer 36

connections of cerebellum to brainstem

Question 37

Tract (trail)

Answer 37

descending and ascending tracts of spinal cord

Question 38

Commissure

Answer 38

site where fibers move to contralateral side (transverse connections)

Question 39

Projection fibers

Answer 39

connect cortex with lower portions of CNS

Question 40

Afferent fibers

Answer 40

input to cortex (usually sensory info)

Question 41

Efferent fibers

Answer 41

output from cortex (usually motor info)

Question 42

Association fibers

Answer 42

connections within the cortex

Question 43

What does axonal transport refer to?

Answer 43

Housekeeping - Slow movement going back and forth Proteins made in soma that must be transported to axon and axon terminal Some wastes in axon terminal are recycled to soma

Question 44

Anterograde axonal transport

Answer 44

Movement from soma toward axon terminal -repair axolemma, gated ion channel proteins, enzymes, neurotransmitters

Question 45

Retrograde axonal transport

Answer 45

Movement from axon terminal toward soma -recycled materials, waste products

Question 46

Cranial nerves

Answer 46

Can be purely sensory, purely motor, or mixed

Question 47

Spinal nerves

Answer 47

All spinal nerves are mixed (carry both sensory and motor information)