Week 1

Question 1

• List the three primary tenets of Cell Theory and the sometimes added fourth tenet:

Answer 1

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. Cells only come from other cells
4. DNA is used to store information and is passed from mother cell to daughter cell

Question 2

• Explain what HeLa cells are and why they are significant

Answer 2

cultured
tumor cells isolated from
a cancer patient
(Henrietta Lacks) by
George and Martha Gey__first immortal human cell line____________-

Question 3

• List the major macromolecules

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, lipids, Amino acids, Nucleic acids

Question 4

Nucleus (Eukaryotic- critical organelle)

Answer 4

Houses DNA, creates ribosomes and translational machinery (similar to prokaryotes)

Question 5

• Describe the basics of cell differentiation – The insert of “The Human Perspective” is very cool to
  read! (There will be questions over this too)

Answer 5

Cells differentiate depending on the types of signals they receive which depends on their position, leading to different form and therefore function

Question 6

• Compare and contrast common model organisms

Answer 6

E coli is prokaryotic, used a lot for basic biology of cell. Yeast used to study human mutations. Drosophila used for geneticresearch

Question 7

• Explain the difference between viruses, viroids, and proviruses, and how they differ from other
  types of cells

Answer 7

Virus- complete infectious particle with a protein coat
Viroid- naked strand of RNA
Provirus- Virus that’s inactivated because its material is in its host

Question 8

o Object must be ___________________ for beight field microscopy because ________ transmitted through object into
lenses

Answer 8

transparent; light

Question 9

Eukaryotic cells are divided into the regions

Answer 9

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 10

(Eukaryotic chromosomes are ____(Complex/simple)_______, made of _______ and ____________ capable of compacting into _________________________

Answer 10

Complex, DNA, associated proteins , mitotic structures

Question 11

Eukaryotic replication is
_________ reproduction requiring __________

Answer 11

Sexual, meiosis and fertilization

Question 12

Eukaryotic cells have _____(Simple/complex, membrane/not membrane bound, location)_________ organelles (includes __________________)

Answer 12

Complex membranous cytoplasmic

ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes, and glyoxisomes

Question 13

Eukaryotic cells have of three different _________ enzymes

Answer 13

RNA-synthesizing (RNA polymerases)

Question 14

Eukaryotic cells have specialized cytoplasmic organelles for _____________ and ___________-____

Answer 14

aerobic respiration (mitochondria) and photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

Question 15

Eukaryotic cells have a complex cytoskeletal system, including (4 components)

Answer 15

including actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) and associated motor proteins

Question 16

Eukaryotic plant cells are made of

Answer 16

Cellulose

Question 17

Eukaryotic cell division uses a ______ containing ________________ __________ that separates chromosomes

Answer 17

Cell division using a microtubule-containing mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes

Question 18

Eukaryotic cells have ____ copies of each gene per cell (___ploidy).

Answer 18

2, one from each parent

Question 19

Phase-Contrast Microscopy
o Highly transparent objects more
visible without

Answer 19

without staining

Question 20

Differential interference contrast (DIC)
optics allow

Answer 20

a three-dimensional quality to
the image.

Question 21

Fluorescence
Microscopy
A type of light microscopy
The cell or subcellular
structures (organelles,
proteins, etc) are made to

Answer 21

fluoresce

Question 22

Electron
Microscopy
uses an _________ beam rather
than light beam

Answer 22

Electron

Question 23

Eukaryotic mitochondria (critical organelle)

Answer 23

Perform aerobic cellular respiration, converting chemical energy to ATP

Question 24

Chloroplasts (critical organelle)

Answer 24

Perform photosynthesis, making their own “food”

Question 25

Rough Eukaryotic ER (critical organelle)

Answer 25

Has ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 26

Smooth Eukaryotic ER (critical organelle)

Answer 26

(no ribosomes) for lipid and steroid synthesis, detoxification

Question 27

Eukaryotic Golgi apparatus (Critical organelle)

Answer 27

Modifies and packages molecules, sends in or out of cell

Question 28

Eukaryotic transport vesicles (Critical organelle)

Answer 28

Transports molecules within or out of cell

Question 29

Eukaryotic Lysosomes (Critical organelle)

Answer 29

* Digestion of food and waste products

Question 30

Eukaryotic Peroxisomes (Critical organelle)

Answer 30

a. Vesicles that contain hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) b. Detoxification, fatty acid metabolism

Question 31

Eukaryotic Complex cytoskeletal system (Critical organelle)

Answer 31

* Carries out mitosis, vesicle transport

Question 32

Eukaryotic Cell Wall (plants) equivalent in animals

Answer 32

* ECM in animals

Question 33

Significance of carbohydrates

Answer 33

Quick energy, energy storage, structure

Question 34

Significance of lipids

Answer 34

Long term energy, cell membrane structure

Question 35

Significance of amino acids

Answer 35

Building proteins

Question 36

Significance of nucleic acids

Answer 36

Building DNA/RNA

Question 37

Bright field microscopy, objects are contrasted against a

Answer 37

bright cone of light (bright field)

Question 38

Bright field microscopy- o Transparent objects (whole mounts or sections) often must be made visible by

Answer 38

staining

Question 39

Bright field microscopy- o Staining most often toxic (cells

Answer 39

die

Question 40

Phase contrast microscopy o Differences in refractive index of various parts of the specimen converted into differences

Answer 40

in light intensity.

Question 41

Phase contrast microscopy uses ________- cells

Answer 41

o Living

Question 42

Fluorescence Microscopy Dyes or tags with different ____________ can be used to distinguish different compartments, metabolic activities, or protein expression profiles

Answer 42

fluorescence emission wavelengths (represented as different colors)

Question 43

electron miscroscopy- __________ structures can be visualized Detailed view of _____________

Answer 43

Subcellular, cell surface