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Intro to Statistica > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Data

A

Morsel of information describing a population

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1
Q

Primary Data

A

Data you or your organization has collected.

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2
Q

Secondary Data

A

Data that somebody else has collected and made available for others to use

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3
Q

Parameter

A

Data that looks at the entire population and describes an interesting attribute.

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3
Q

Statistic

A

Data that describes something interesting about population.

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4
Q

True Zero Point

A

Something with a true zero value does not exist when its numerical value is zero. (ex., $0)

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4
Q

Population

A

Entire group of things being studied or calculated

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4
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population, a small group being studied where the results will be attributed to the entire group.

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8
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data that uses descriptions.

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9
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Data that uses numerical values.

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10
Q

Nominal Level of Measurement

A

Qualitative data. Descriptive data.

Examples:

- Male or Female
- Dog Breeds
- State Names
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11
Q

Ordinal Level of Measurement

A

Qualitative Data. Descriptive observations that can be ranked.

Examples:

- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
- Education Level Reached (High School, College, etc.)
- Star Rating (*, **, ***, ****)
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12
Q

Interval Level of Measurement

A

Quantitative data. Ranked but with even distribution between levels. Does not have a true zero.

Examples:

- Temperature
- IQ Score
- Letter Grades (A, B, C, D, or F)
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13
Q

Ratio Level of Measurement

A

Quantitative data. Has a true zero point.

Examples:

- Amounts
- Length
- Height
- Distance
- Price
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13
Q

Time Series Data

A

Looks at data for one population over a spread of time (years, months, days, etc.)

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14
Q

Cross-Sectional Data

A

Data that compares data from several populations during one specific moment in time

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14
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Summarizes data and facts. Does not look to draw conclusions.

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15
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Arrives at new conclusions regarding populations. Creates new information.

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16
Q

Class

A

Category, What each bar represents in a bar graph

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17
Q

Continuous Data

A

Data points (number, rank, etc.) that continue across a graph without break. (ex., 1-under 5, 5-under 6).

There are no gaps between bars in a histogram when the data is continuous.

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18
Q

Culmulative Percentage Polygon (Ogive)

A

A line graph charting the cumulative relative frequency distribution of a population

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19
Q

Culmulative Relative Frequency Distribution

A

Takes frequency distribution chart and calculates accumulating percentages of classes. (ex. 1=0.10, 1&2 = 0.35, 1&2&3= 0.80, 1&2&3&4=1.0)

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20
Q

Discrete Data

A

Data points are amounts usually. They cannot contain decimals and percentages. In histograms, the bars do not touch.

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21
Q

Frequency Distributions

A

Data organized into a chart without calculations.

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22
Histogram
A frequency chart in graph form
23
Percentage Polygon
A histogram drawn as a line graph. Usually compares multiple populations.
24
Relative Frequency Distribution
Takes a frequency distribution chart and calculates the percent of each class. (ex. 1=0.10, 1&2 = 0.25, 1&2&3= 0.45, 1&2&3&4=0.20)
25
Symmetrical Distribution
When the left and right sides of a histogram mirror each other. Bell curve.
26
Clustered Bar Chart
``` | _ _ | _ |O| |X| | |X||O| |X| _ | |X||O| |X||O| -------------------- ```
27
Bar Chart
``` | | |X| | |X| |X| | |X| |X| --------------- ```
28
Horizontal Bar Chart
``` | |XXXXXX |XXXX |XXXXXXXXX | ```
29
Stacked Bar Chart
``` | | | X X | O X X | O O O ----------------------- ```
30
Line Chart
``` | / | /\ / | /\/ \ / | / \/ ---------------- ```
31
Scatter Plot
``` | . . . . | . . . . | . .. | . . ------------- ```
32
Dependent Variable
Placed on the vertical axis of a scatter plot.
33
Independent Variable
Placed on the horizontal axis of a scatter plot
34
Pie Chart
Relative frequency distribution proportionally put into a circle graph that resembles a pie
35
Pareto Chart
Used in Quality Control. Contains a bar chart and a line chart.
36
Contingency Table
A frequency distribution type chart, but one that contains multiple classes for multiple populations | Right Hand | Left Hand | Total ----------- |---------------- |---------------- |-------- Males | 43 | 9 | 52 ----------- |---------------- |---------------- |-------- Females | 44 | 4 | 48 ----------- |---------------- |---------------- |--------- Totals | 87 | 13 | 100
37
Stem & Leaf Display
You take the [tenth] number of a multiple digit number and follow it with the [ones] (61,72,60,60,78,63,74) 6|0013 7|248
38
Categorical Data
Data classified into categories. Examples: - Male or Female - Married, Single, or Divorced - Yes or No
39
Index Point
Determines the position of the median.
40
Left Skewed Distribution
Where the mean is larger than the median ``` | X | X X | X X X | X X X X ---------------------- ```
41
Mean
The average of the data set.
42
Measures of Central Tendency
One number that gives us the central point of the data. There are many options for this number (mean, median, etc.)
43
Median
Midway point in data set. Arrived at by placement, not numerical value
44
Mode
The number (or data point) most repeated. It's possible to have a data set with two mode (bimodial).
45
Outliers
Extremely high or low data points
46
Right Skewed Distribution
Where the median is higher than the mean. ``` | X | X X | X X X | X X X X --------------------- ```
47
Weighted Mean
Average of a data set, but where some of the data points are given more weight than others. (Like a class grade.)
48
Measures of Variability
Shows how spread out (or not spread out) the data set is.
49
Range
The numerical difference between the highest data point and the lowest data point.
50
Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance. It gets rid of all negative numbers and gives each data point a "score."
51
Variance
Measurement of how spread out the data is. Different Methods can be used.
52
Coefficient of Variation
Ratio between standard deviation and the mean. The lower number indicates that a data set has better consistency between data points.
53
z-Score
Tells us the ranking of a particular data point. (Ex., Your GRE test score against all GRE test scores.)
54
Midpoint
When a class contains a numerical spread (like 20-25 year olds vs. 26-30 year olds), this gives you the class average so you can make calculations with the data.
55
Box and Whisker Plot
A line is drawn showing the spread of entire data set. A box is drawn around the spread of data between Q1 & Q3. The box is split with a vertical line showing Q2. Then, a dotted line is horizontally drawn on both sides of the box representing the IRQ. If there are any outliers, these are notated with asteriks.
56
Five Number Summary
``` Min Q1 Q2 Q3 Max ```
57
Interquartile Range (IRQ)
Q3 - Q1
58
Measures of Relative Position
Compares one particular data point against the entire data set.
59
Percentiles
Measure the approximate percentage of data values below the value of interest.
60
Percentile Rank
Tells you what percentile you fall into
61
Pth Percentile
Any number between 1-100 where at least P% of the data falls below P
62
Quartiles
Divides data into quarters.
63
Central Tendency
Tells the center point of data set

Intro to Statistica (2 decks)

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